【潜在抛压】若Strategy被迫抛售BTC,潜在抛压对市场影响几何?

Odaily星球日报Published on 2025-04-09Last updated on 2025-04-09

Abstract

Strategy的下一步不仅关乎自身存亡,也可能影响比特币的未来格局。

由 Michael Saylor 领导的 Strategy 公司(原 MicroStrategy),作为美国持有比特币最多的单一企业,正因比特币价格下跌和巨额债务的双重压力陷入困境。根据 4 月 7 日提交 SEC 的8-K 文件,Strategy 声明,若无法应对当前财务困难,可能被迫出售其比特币持仓。

若Strategy被迫抛售BTC,潜在抛压对市场影响几何?


陷入财务困境的 Strategy


Strategy 当前的融资购币模式依赖于市场对比特币长期看涨的预期。若比特币价格陷入长期震荡或下跌,公司将面临双重压力:既要支付现有债务利息,又要应对股票增发带来的股权稀释风险。


根据 8-K 文件披露,Strategy 目前持有 528, 185 枚比特币,总价值超 400 亿美元,平均购入成本为 67, 458 美元/枚。自 2020 年转型为「比特币企业」以来,公司通过融资手段不断加仓,成为美股市场的加密货币投资标杆。然而,随着比特币价格从 2024 年底的 10 万美元高点回落至 76, 400 美元附近,叠加 82.2 亿美元的债务负担,Strategy 的财务状况正面临严峻考验。

若Strategy被迫抛售BTC,潜在抛压对市场影响几何?


若Strategy被迫抛售BTC,潜在抛压对市场影响几何?


若Strategy被迫抛售BTC,潜在抛压对市场影响几何?


Strategy 的比特币策略曾是其股价飙升的引擎,但如今却成为悬在头顶的达摩克利斯之剑。SEC 文件明确指出,比特币占公司资产负债表的「绝大部分」,其价格波动直接决定公司的融资能力和债务偿还前景。一旦某些关键因素失控,抛售比特币可能成为不得不面对的现实。

若Strategy被迫抛售BTC,潜在抛压对市场影响几何?


最大的风险来自比特币价格的持续下跌。如果价格跌破成本价 67,458 美元,甚至滑向近期低点 7.45 万美元,公司的资产价值将大幅缩水。文件警告,若比特币跌至账面价值以下,Strategy 可能难以通过发行股票或债券筹到资金。自 2024 年 11 月特朗普胜选以来,公司以每枚 93,228 美元的均价购入 275,965 枚比特币,耗资 257.3 亿美元,如今已浮亏 46 亿美元。更糟的是,2025 年第一季度,比特币未实现亏损高达 59.1 亿美元,这让风险雪上加霜。


同时,现金流危机也让公司如履薄冰。Strategy 的核心业务——数据分析软件,已连续多个季度无法带来正向现金流。然而,公司每年还得支付 3,510 万美元的债务利息和 1.46 亿美元的股息,总计 1.813 亿美元。如果外部融资跟不上,卖出比特币几乎是唯一的出路。文件提到,82.2 亿美元的债务(截至 2025 年 3 月末)让偿还压力如山,若市场环境恶化,公司甚至可能被迫以低于成本价的「亏本价」抛售。

若Strategy被迫抛售BTC,潜在抛压对市场影响几何?


最后,市场和安全因素可能成为意外触发点。若比特币保管机构(如银行或第三方托管方)破产,或遭遇网络攻击导致资产损失,Strategy 可能被迫卖出剩余持仓以弥补损失。文件特别提到,其保险仅覆盖少量比特币,凸显了这一风险的现实性。
当然,Strategy 并非坐以待毙。公司计划通过增发股票或发行新债来缓解压力,2025 年第一季度就曾豪掷 77 亿美元,以每枚 9.5 万美元的均价增持比特币。然而,进入 4 月后,随着市场走低,这种激进的买买买策略明显放缓。如果融资渠道受阻,卖币就成了最后的救命稻草。


相关阅读:《Strategy继续「买买买」,新融资方案能否为市场带来新动力?


潜在抛压对市场影响几何?


Strategy 的比特币持仓规模占比特币总供应量的约 2.5% ,一旦抛售,市场恐怕难以平静。抛售的规模取决于公司的具体需求,影响也随之层层递进。
如果只是为了应付短期开支,比如支付年度利息和股息共 1.813 亿美元,大约需要卖出 2, 318 枚比特币。这仅占其 528, 185 枚总持仓的不到 0.5% ,对市场的影响相对有限,可能只会引发小幅波动,投资者或许不会过于惊慌。然而如果 Strategy 需要偿还部分债务,比如 10 亿美元,则抛售规模将扩大至约 12, 800 枚比特币,占持仓的 2.4% 。在比特币市场日均交易量仅 100-300 亿美元、流动性偏低的环境下,这样的抛售可能推动价格下跌 5% 至 10% ,足以让市场感受到明显的压力。


更严重的情况是,如果 Strategy 必须一次性偿还全部 82.2 亿美元的债务,抛售规模将激增至约 10.5 万枚比特币,相当于其持仓的 20% 。如此大规模的抛售在当前市场中几乎难以消化,很可能引发价格闪崩,尤其是考虑到比特币市场对大额交易的敏感性——近期从 8.3 万美元跌至 7.45 万美元的闪崩已充分证明了这一点。


最极端的情形是公司破产或被迫清算,可能意味着抛售全部 528, 185 枚比特币,总值超过 400 亿美元。这将是对市场的毁灭性打击,可能导致比特币价格腰斩,甚至更糟。不过这种全面抛售的可能性较低,除非公司遭遇系统性危机,比如债务违约叠加监管强制清算。无论哪种情景,Strategy 的举动都可能成为比特币市场的重要转折点,值得密切关注。


市场影响的另一面是连锁反应。若 Strategy 抛售,其他机构或散户可能跟风,导致比特币价格进入恶性循环。特朗普上台后的关税政策已加剧风险资产抛售情绪,而 Strategy 的举动可能成为压垮市场的「最后一根稻草」。


更让人议论纷纷的是,这件事还牵扯到 Michael Saylor 本人的公信力。Michael Saylor 作为比特币的坚定支持者,曾多次在 CNBC 等媒体宣称「永不卖币」,甚至表示将在离世后将比特币遗赠给支持该资产的组织。然而,SEC 文件的措辞:「可能以低于成本价卖出比特币」似乎打破了这一承诺。

若Strategy被迫抛售BTC,潜在抛压对市场影响几何?


真的会抛售比特币吗?


Strategy 的比特币策略始于 2020 年,当时 Saylor 将其定位为对抗通胀的「数字黄金」。通过发行可转债、优先股和 ATM 增发,公司累计投入 356 亿美元购入比特币,持仓浮盈一度高达数十亿美元。然而,近期比特币价格回落叠加债务压力,公司连续三个季度未能盈利。


其实本次 SEC 文件中的抛售风险并非首次提及。Strategy 今年共提交 25 份 8-K 文件,主题标注「经营成果和财务状况」的 8-K 文件一般每月初提交。每月月初的「经营成果和财务状况」报告是常规操作。早在 1 月 6 日的 8-K 文件中,就曾提到「可能卖出比特币」的风险提示;不过, 2 月和 3 月的文件均未提及,此次为时隔三个月再度在 8-K 表格引用其风险警示。但此次 8-K 文件的直白措辞「可能以不利价格抛售」,一定程度上反映了当前压力的加剧,可能与近期比特币跌幅较大和 59.1 亿美元未实现亏损直接相关。


回顾上一轮熊市,Strategy 也曾面临严峻的考验,净资产为负,却未被迫抛售比特币。这主要得益于两个关键因素:一是债务到期日较远(最早 2028 年),二是创始人 Michael Saylor 掌握 48% 投票权,使清盘提议难以通过。所以,即便比特币跌破成本价,引发抛售「死亡螺旋」的可能性也较低。相比上一轮熊市,如今的 Strategy 还拥有多种应对工具:发债、增发股票,或以 400 亿美元的比特币持仓作为抵押融资。


此外,从宏观趋势看,比特币正获得越来越多主权基金和机构的认可,长期前景向好。虽然短期价格波动可能带来财务压力,但 Strategy 债务期限较长,且市场环境改善,实际抛售风险有限。


短期内,市场将密切关注其一季报和后续融资计划。至于会不会抛售,市场将屏息以待。这家企业的下一步不仅关乎自身存亡,也可能影响比特币的未来格局。

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