【别抱幻想】暴跌后美联储会救市吗?分析师:短期内别指望了

Foresight NewsPublished on 2025-04-09Last updated on 2025-04-09

Abstract

「这不是美联储可以解决的问题。真正的熔断器是特朗普政府,他们不会退缩,而是加倍下注,所以你会看到市场做出相应的反应。」

撰文:房家瑶

来源:华尔街见闻

特朗普关税大棒,引发各国连环反制,全球金融市场暴跌。投资者纷纷把目光转向美联储,希望这个关键角色能出手救市。

不过,多位多位美联储观察人士指出,不要指望美联储会干预,因为他们不能急。美联储官员会等到经济受实质性影响后再降息,而该影响要数月时间才能在官方数据中体现出来。

通胀还没下去,美联储不能急

美东时间周一,综合媒体消息,经济学家和分析师指出,美联储目前更担心的是另一件事——通胀。数据显示,美联储偏好的核心通胀指标(PCE)在 2 月仍高达 2.8%,远高于 2% 的目标。而值得一提的是,关税有可能会推高物价。

换句话说,美联储现在面临两难局面,降息,能救市场,但可能让通胀更加失控。不降息,通胀稳了,但市场可能进一步动荡甚至带来经济衰退。

这也正是多位美联储观察人士判断,短期内别指望美联储救市的原因。

摩根士丹利首席美国经济学家 Michael Gapen 表示:

「如果我们不陷入经济衰退,美联储将很难在短期内解决通胀问题。美联储在可预见的未来将维持利率不变。」

美联储理事库格勒周一表示,关税对通胀的影响比对经济增长的影响更为紧迫。

前美联储副主席 Lael Brainard 也指出,通胀让美联储陷入困境,因为通胀压力还在,在经济和就业开始有疲软迹象之前,美联储很难出手支持劳动力市场,这是美联储面临的一种最棘手的局面。

彭博经济学家 Anna Wong 指出,如果美联储担心通胀预期失控,就像 2022 年一样,就算股市跌 20%,也不会动摇它维持紧缩政策的决心。

市场判断呼应了美联储主席鲍威尔的言论。他上周五表示,美联储不会急于对市场动荡做出反应,官员有义务保持通胀预期稳定。他说,利率处于有利位置,让官员有时间评估特朗普的政策对经济的影响。根据目前的数据,经济仍处于良好状态,但他并未提及股市持续下跌。

市场不能光是跌,还得出现流动性危机

从历史上看,美联储官员在市场或者经济遇到严重危机时,会果断出手来稳定局势。

有时,他们不一定等到原定的开会时间,有时候会临时加开会议、紧急降息,就是为了防止经济陷入严重衰退。比如最近一次的例子,就是 2020 年 3 月疫情刚爆发的时候。

除了降息,美联储还可以使用「临时贷款工具」,当市场上资金突然变得很难借、流动性紧张时,美联储就会快速把钱借给银行、金融机构,防止信用市场陷入瘫痪。

尽管近期全球股市暴跌,市值蒸发上万亿美元,不过,金融市场的痛苦尚未显现出可能导致美联储干预的流动性不足现象。

当然,如果市场进一步失控,比如美债市场失灵、金融体系其他关键部分流动性枯竭的迹象都可能促使美联储采取行动。

荷兰国际集团(ING)首席国际经济学家 James Knightley 表示:

「除非市场失调引发金融稳定风险,否则我认为美联储现阶段不会介入。」

一些经济学家表示,如果这些警告信号确实出现,美联储更可能选择采取具体的贷款工具,而非一上来就动用降息来应对。比如 2020 年疫情刚爆发时,美债市场一度陷入恐慌性抛售,美联储立马启动了大规模购债计划,再比如 2023 年硅谷银行倒闭后,他们推出了紧急贷款机制帮助银行稳住阵脚。

Wrightson ICAP 首席经济学家 Lou Crandall 表示:

「如果金融压力进一步加剧,美联储的策略是直接解决这些问题,而不是通过利率来填补所有漏洞。」

斯坦福大学金融学教授 Darrell Duffie 表示,他与纽约联储工作人员进行的研究表明,当宏观经济波动加剧时,美债流动性确实会下降,就像现在的情况一样。当交易商被市场活动压垮,无法维持其作为中介的角色时,就会出现引发警报并需要支持的市场功能障碍。不过,这种情况尚未发生。

还有分析师指出,美联储在缓解与白宫政策相关的担忧方面能做的有限。德意志银行高级美国经济学家 Brett Ryan 表示:

「这不是美联储可以解决的问题。真正的熔断器是特朗普政府,他们不会退缩,而是加倍下注,所以你会看到市场做出相应的反应。」

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580 Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

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