比特币价格持续下跌,微策略会被破产清算吗?

Odaily星球日报Published on 2025-02-28Last updated on 2025-02-28

Abstract

如果比特币价格出现长期、深度下跌,其高杠杆策略可能会导致严重财务压力。

原文作者:XinGPT(X:@xingpt)

比特币价格持续下跌,微策略会被破产清算吗?

TLDR:先说结论:理论上有可能,但实际非常小概率

  • 杠杆比例不高,债务期限较长,短期无明显偿债压力

  • 财务危机的前提是:比特币价值长期处于极端低位,发生概率较低;

  • 创始人 Michael Saylor 拥有 46.8% 投票权,可以避免优先股债务中提前赎回的条款,牢牢掌握公司的运营方向

1. 微策略的比特币持仓与策略 

MicroStrategy 已经从一家传统的软件公司转型为全球最大的比特币持有企业,截至 2024 年底,公司共持有约 471, 107 枚比特币。这些比特币的总成本约为 279.7 亿美元,平均购入成本约 62, 500 美元/枚,而 2024 年底这些比特币的市值约为 417.9 亿美元。

MicroStrategy 的比特币投资是通过发行债券和增发股票融资实现的。其管理层(以联合创始人 Michael Saylor 为代表)将比特币视为公司的主要储备资产,不断通过外部融资购买更多比特币,而不是依赖自身业务的现金流。 MicroStrategy 主要通过四种途径筹集资金购买比特币。

• 使用自有资金购买

不是主要的资金来源,微策略一共大概使用了不超过 5 亿资金购买比特币。 

• 发行可转换优先债券(Convertible Senior Notes)

为了购买更多比特币,微策略开始采用发行可转债的方式融资买币。

可转换优先债券是一种金融工具,允许投资者在特定条件下将债券转换为公司股票。这种债券的特点是利率较低,甚至为零,同时设定高于当前股价的转换价格。投资者之所以愿意购买此类债券,主要因为其提供了下行保护(即债券到期可收回本金和利息)以及在股价上涨时的潜在收益。微策略发行的几期可转债利率在 0% -0.75% 之间居多,说明投资者实际是对 MSTR 的股价上涨有信心,寄希望于债券转换为股票以赚取更多收益。 

• 发行优先担保债券(Senior Secured Notes)

除了可转换优先债券,微策略还发行过一次 4.89 亿美元 2028 年到期 6.125% 利率的优先担保债券。

优先担保债券是一种有抵押的债券,风险比可转换优先债券更低,但是这类债券只有固定利息收益。微策略发行的这一批优先担保债券,已经选择提前还款。

下图是当前微策略实际在途的债务情况:

比特币价格持续下跌,微策略会被破产清算吗?

可以看出:当前微策略总负债为 82.13 亿,总资产(以比特币为主)市值 430 亿美金,杠杆倍数(leverage ratio)为 19% 。 也就是说比特币要跌 16500 以下,并且这个价格持续到 2028 甚至更久才会让微策略资不抵债。

• 市价股票发行(At-the-Market Equity Offerings)

微策略增发股票融资购买比特币,不产生债务,但发行股票稀释了现有股东权益。之所以现有股东会同意这种增发的方式,是因为微策略提出了一个新的指标 BTC Yield, 即每股比特币收益,为比特币持有量和稀释后总股本的比值。也就是说,在行情上升阶段通过增发股票融资去购买比特币,虽然用户持有的持股比例降低了,但是每股的比特币含量增加了,总体来说用户持有的比特币量还可能增加。

比如 2024 年微策略的 BTC Yield 就是 74% ,意味着每股的比特币数量增加了 74% ,而 2025 目前的 BTC Yield 是 6.9% ,目标是年底达到 15% 

比特币价格持续下跌,微策略会被破产清算吗?

2. 比特币价格下跌的短期 vs. 长期影响

短期影响:

• 比特币价格下跌会直接影响 MicroStrategy 的财报表现。会计规则要求公司在比特币价格下跌时计提减值损失,但价格上涨时不能直接反映收益。

• 例如, 2022 年比特币暴跌时,公司在第四季度计提了 1.97 亿美元的减值损失,导致季度亏损。而 2023 年比特币回升时,公司则因会计处理减少了减值损失,甚至一度出现盈利。

• 目前公司没有比特币质押贷款,因此短期内比特币价格波动不会引发追加保证金的风险。但股价与比特币高度相关,比特币下跌往往会导致 MicroStrategy 股价同步下跌,进而影响公司融资能力。

长期影响:

• 如果比特币进入长期熊市,公司可能面临严重的融资压力。目前 MicroStrategy 的软件业务规模较小, 2024 年全年收入仅约 5 亿美元,且仍在亏损,因此无法通过自身业务积累大量现金来覆盖债务或继续购买比特币。

• 公司目前的运营模式高度依赖资本市场,如果比特币长期低迷,投资者可能会减少对 MicroStrategy 的融资支持,或者要求更高的融资成本。

• 如果比特币价格长期低于公司平均买入价 62, 500 美元/枚,MicroStrategy 的比特币资产账面价值将持续低于实际成本,这可能会影响投资者信心,进一步加剧股价压力。

• 由于公司管理层高度信奉比特币的长期价值,即便财务状况恶化,公司也不太可能主动出售比特币,而是会通过新的债务或股权融资来维持运营。但如果融资受阻,可能会被迫调整策略。

3. 关键财务数据分析

比特币持仓与估值:

• 截至 2024 年底,MicroStrategy 持有的比特币账面价值约 239 亿美元(计提减值后),但按市场价格计算约 417.9 亿美元。 

• 由于公司采用的会计准则,如果比特币价格跌至 3 万美元以下,公司将不得不进一步计提减值,这可能会加剧股价压力。

债务水平:

 • MicroStrategy 目前的总债务约为 82 亿美元,主要是可转换债券,票息较低,部分甚至为 0% 。

• 其中: 

  • 2025 年 12 月到期: 6.5 亿美元,票息 0.75% 

  • 2027 年 2 月到期: 10.5 亿美元,票息 0% 

  • 2029 年 12 月到期: 30 亿美元,票息 0% 

• 由于部分可转换债券的转换价格低于当前股价,这些债券更可能被转换为股票,而不是要求现金偿付,因此短期债务风险较低。

• 但如果未来比特币价格持续低迷,MicroStrategy 的股价跌破转换价格,债券持有人可能会要求现金偿付,这将增加公司的现金流压力。

现金流与流动性:

• 2024 年,公司运营业务的现金流净流出 5300 万美元,仅有 4680 万美元现金储备,这意味着 MicroStrategy 几乎没有任何现金缓冲。

• 2024 年底,公司通过增发股票融资 151 亿美元,但如果股价下跌,公司未来的融资能力可能受到影响。

• 2025 年,公司还额外发行了一批 10% 股息率(之前预计 8% )的优先股,说明融资成本已经开始上升。

盈利能力:

• 公司本身的软件业务收入增长停滞, 2024 年软件收入同比下降 3% ,全年软件业务仅贡献约 5 亿美元营收。

• 公司依靠比特币投资带来的账面收益,但由于减值规则影响,财报利润波动较大,无法形成稳定盈利模式。

• 未来,如果比特币价格不持续上涨,公司可能会长期处于亏损状态,进一步增加融资压力。

4. 股价走势与比特币的相关性

• 过去几年,MicroStrategy 的股价与比特币价格的相关性达到了 0.7 ~ 0.8 ,几乎成为一个比特币杠杆 ETF。

• 2024 年底,比特币创下历史新高(接近 10 万美元),MicroStrategy 股价也一度飙升至 500 美元以上。但随后比特币回调,公司股价在短时间内暴跌 50% 。

• 由于公司持有比特币的杠杆效应,MicroStrategy 的股价波动往往大于比特币本身。例如,比特币 2025 年初下跌 40% ,MicroStrategy 股价跌幅超过 55% 。

• 目前市场对 MicroStrategy 的估值通常高于其持有比特币的净值,部分投资者愿意支付溢价来通过 MSTR 间接投资比特币。但如果比特币价格下跌,这种溢价可能会消失,甚至出现低于净值交易的情况。

5. 破产或财务危机的可能性

短期来看,MicroStrategy 仍然具备较强的偿债能力,但如果比特币进入长期熊市,可能会引发财务困境。

• 资产 vs. 负债比:目前公司持有 417.9 亿美元的比特币,远高于 82 亿美元的债务,短期偿债压力较小。

但如果比特币价格跌至 1.2 万~ 1.5 万美元,公司的比特币资产将低于债务总额,此时可能出现技术性破产。

• 债务到期风险: 2025 年 6.5 亿美元的债务可能会通过股权转换解决,但 2027 ~ 2029 年将有超过 40 亿美元债务到期。

如果届时比特币仍处于低位,MicroStrategy 可能难以通过增发股票或新发债务进行再融资,可能需要出售比特币偿债。

• 管理层立场:Michael Saylor 控制 46.8% 投票权,可以阻止公司出售比特币或改变战略。

但如果比特币价格跌破某个临界点,公司可能被迫采取紧急措施,包括出售部分比特币、重组债务,甚至考虑破产保护

• 如下图,如下图所示,可转债条款中规定公司发生重大变化,投资者可以要求公司提前 12-18 个月偿还债务,但是定义“重大变化”主要是指公司股东决定清算,公司股东的投票权大多数在 Michael Saylor 手里

比特币价格持续下跌,微策略会被破产清算吗?

结论

MicroStrategy 目前仍然保持财务稳定,但如果比特币价格出现长期、深度下跌,其高杠杆策略可能会导致严重财务压力。公司的命运完全取决于比特币的未来走势——如果比特币长期低迷,MicroStrategy 可能会陷入债务危机甚至破产;但如果比特币继续上涨,公司将保持强劲增长。

Reference:

1. 

2. https://d1x7dwosqaosdj.cloudfront.net/images/2025-02/232aba2ceb23418a8ac27bddf2011abd.jpg

3. Deep Research of ChatGPT

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