经济日报:比特币会成为美国储备资产吗?

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-11-19Last updated on 2024-11-19

Abstract

尽管即将就职的新一届美国政府对加密货币表现出浓厚兴趣,但要让比特币真正成为美国国家储备资产,仍需通过多个“关口”。

原文作者:连俊

原文来源:经济日报

近期,受美联储降息、美国大选结果等多重因素影响,比特币交易价格大幅上涨,引起国际市场追捧,更有风声称美国将推动比特币成为国家战略储备资产,相关话题迅速升温。新一届美国政府就职后对比特币等加密货币的态度和行动,以及其对全球金融格局的影响,值得密切关注。

进入 11 月,比特币交易价格出现快速攀升, 10 日突破 8 万美元/枚, 13 日突破 9 万美元/枚, 14 日凌晨,比特币价格一度达到 9.3 万美元/枚,此后价格在 9 万美元/枚上方波动。市场分析认为,美联储在 11 月继续降息,以及共和党在竞选期间承诺多项支持加密货币措施等因素,成为比特币价格快速上行的推手。美国媒体报道称,美国怀俄明州共和党参议员辛西娅·卢米斯(Cynthia Lummis)计划在明年新一届国会就职时推动一项法案,出售美联储的部分黄金以建立战略比特币储备。这令一部分市场交易员认为“加密货币即将进入黄金时代”。

不过,由于影响比特币价格走势的因素庞杂,其中不确定性较大,且过往大起大落的情形并不罕见,因此对其后续走势应有更全面的观察。

比特币价格受到供求格局、宏观经济以及市场情绪等多方面影响。供应端方面,比特币的挖矿奖励减半机制是其价格上涨的重要因素之一。今年比特币经历了又一次减半事件,这为后续价格上涨提供了支撑;需求端方面,共和党在竞选期间承诺将比特币纳入国家储备资产、要把美国打造成“世界加密货币之都”、任命对数字资产感兴趣的监管者等,有关政策预期推动了比特币需求增加。从宏观层面看,全球经济增长态势趋稳、通胀压力减缓以及欧美央行启动降息,为市场带来更多流动性。此外,在比特币价格突破关键点位时,市场的乐观情绪成为价格上涨的重要动力。

尽管即将就职的新一届美国政府对加密货币表现出浓厚兴趣,但要让比特币真正成为美国国家储备资产,仍需通过多个“关口”。

从政策层面看,将比特币列为战略储备资产需要经过复杂的立法程序,涉及多个监管机构的协调和利益平衡,加之美国传统金融机构、保守派议员以及对数字资产持怀疑态度的利益集团可能会集中反对,实施的难度并不小。从市场和监管层面看,比特币价格常常出现剧烈震荡,与国家储备对于稳定性的苛刻要求存在不小差距,同时,美国的加密货币监管体系不健全,要将比特币纳入国家储备体系需要建立更加完备的法律框架。还有美国媒体指出,比特币从来不是一个好的通胀对冲工具——比特币与投机性股票的关系更为密切,“而不是与黄金或与通胀挂钩的债券等传统的通胀对冲工具更密切”。

在共和党政府的上一任期内,对比特币的态度并不友好,认为其是“没有价值根基的空气”。然而,在最近的竞选过程中,态度却发生了 180 度大转变。有分析指出,这种转变一方面反映出新一届美国政府希望美国能在数字货币领域占据领先地位,从而在全球经济中保持竞争力,另一方面也是面对天量国债的压力试图在不增加政府赤字的情况下,通过比特币的升值来减少国债发行。

进一步来看,美国多年来对美元地位的滥用、无节制超发货币、严重透支美元信用的恶果已显,许多国家“去美元化”的步调加快。美国一些人对比特币态度的转变,是在维护美元已松动的国际地位的一种尝试。

比特币价格的暴涨,似乎给一些人带来了重现“从布雷顿森林体系解体到石油美元建立”进程的希望。然而,比特币自身属性并不稳定,一旦成为战略储备资产,可能给监管机构带来更大的挑战,也可能引发世界上其他国家警惕,加剧国际金融领域摩擦。被高通胀侵蚀多日的美国经济,能否经受得住其冲击,尚未可知。

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