迷失的以太坊:在改革中寻找新生

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-10-08Last updated on 2024-10-08

Abstract

这不是以太坊的终结,但在凤凰涅槃之前,我们会先看到灰烬。

原文作者:Dr Martin Hiesboeck

原文编译:Block unicorn

迷失的以太坊:在改革中寻找新生

在 Uphold Institutional,我们确实有很多客户在以太坊上有大量投资,所以我现在被关于这个原始智能合约网络未来的问题所淹没,尤其是在 Solana 和其他 L1 链的强劲竞争面前。

如今,以太坊似乎确实迷失了方向。价格在挣扎,大玩家正在退出或转向 Solana;以太坊的每周会议充斥着相互冲突的提案,而“汉尼拔”确实已经在门口:从未有如此多的 L1 链直接与以太坊竞争,不仅是与以太坊本身竞争,还在挑战以太坊的愿景和商业模式。

不要误会:以太坊已经变成了一门生意。收入来自交易,尽管我们一再被告知低交易成本符合每个人的利益,但事实并非如此。拥有 ETH 的人希望有高额费用。他们对让寄生的 L2(表面上是为了解决可扩展性问题而创建)侵蚀他们的利润感到沮丧。费用上升,ETH 价格上升。费用下降,ETH 价格下降。以太坊基金会超过 90% 的预算依赖于以太坊的交易费用。大家一致认为区块链网络需要费用——尽管有许多更公平的激励模式例子。以太坊被困在一个过时的商业模式中,难以轻松摆脱。

问题不仅仅是费用——以太坊多次背叛了它自己的初衷,也背叛了加密纯粹主义者的原始愿景。社区曾因最大可提取价值(MEV)出现时感到震惊——这是通过重新排序区块中的交易来实现的,但后来为了贪婪的利益而接受了它。纯粹的、未经掩饰的贪婪,完全背离了去中心化网络的最初设想。而贪婪又被以太坊的利益相关者——那些在“世界计算机”上下注了几十亿美元的大型金融机构,只关心自己的投资回报,对去中心化金融的理想毫不关心,也没有任何兴趣去支持这一理念。

浏览 Vitalik 的未来几年路线图时,依然可以感受到一种改革的紧迫感,但却夹杂着对解决网络中诸多缺陷和矛盾的犹豫。在私下的对话中,越来越多地听到他叹息。他夹在自己崇高的理想与“董事会”和投资者的需求之间左右为难。

最明显的技术问题是,以太坊已经不再那么去中心化。Solana 当然也不是,所以去中心化与投资者的需求几乎没有关系。对于那些只关心一切的美元价值、忽视理想的人来说,区块链的这个理想早已被抛弃。现在有三家区块构建者生产了以太坊上 90% 的区块。在耶鲁大学计算机科学的 Sen Yang 和 Fan Zhang 以及杜克大学的 Kartik Nayak 撰写的一篇文章中,作者们提出了一个问题:“既然构建者市场是无许可的,任何人都可以加入,为什么它会走向中心化?”

当然,计算机科学中有一个古老的谚语:任何带有激励机制的去中心化系统,随着时间的推移都会走向中心化(如果没有激励机制,系统就会逐渐衰退,进入进退两难的局面)。但真正的原因是,区块构建在大规模时才有意义,在廉价的数据中心更具优势,而对个人来说意义较小。网络越大、利益相关者越有影响力,向集中控制迈进的动力就越强。就像比特币挖矿已经走向中心化,单个电脑参与竞争几乎毫无价值。以太坊已经被大型企业利益所篡夺,现在这两种货币都不再是“人民的币”,这也是为什么我们看到如此多出色的竞争对手——如 Kaspa 对抗比特币,SpaceMesh 作为真正的人民币,Alephium 作为一个更安全、更公平的智能合约平台等。

据称为了对抗 MEV,以太坊引入了 MEV-Boost 拍卖,原本是要提出一些方法来减少并禁止“链上抢跑”的恶意行为。然而,正如以太坊历史中常见的那样,引入竞争的结果反而是使大三巨头的主导地位更加强大。

以太坊对于更广泛的去中心化群体来说已经失去了吸引力。参与私有订单流 MEV 的成本大约是 1.5 ETH。这是新玩家望而却步的进入门槛,而现有的巨头对此却乐见其成。结果,Vitalik 推出了提议者-构建者分离(Proposer-Builder Separation),但这又成了另一个失败的尝试。

争论的核心是交易排序。大多数 L2,例如,依赖于单一的排序器。这与去中心化的理念背道而驰。以太坊的内部人士想要创建“共享排序器”,但这行不通:正是单一的排序器让 L2 变得有利可图,而以太坊却为此付出了代价。这最终需要实时组合性,或者称为“同步组合性”,而许多研究人员认为,线性区块链无法实现这一点。要做到这一点,你需要一个有向无环图(DAG)或格子结构。

Block unicorn 注释:上面说的交易排序意味着你在任何的交易活动中都需要被排序,就像你去买杯奶茶,有人在你前面你就需要排队购买奶茶。二层网络现在的排序器和验证者都是自己指定的节点,脱离了去中心化原则,排序器被小部分群体控制,就会容易受到中心化攻击,失去安全保证。

目前有一些链不存在以太坊的这些问题,例如,MultiversX。以太坊不断给“癌症病人贴创可贴”,而其他项目则从零开始,完全避免了“区块链三难困境”(其实是“以太坊三难困境”)。

然而,如今刚接触区块链的人,首先了解的还是“两个巨头”,所有比特币共识的智慧都归功于一个中本聪(实际上是由七个人组成的团队),而智能合约平台的智慧则归功于 Vitalik。这在两种情况下都不公平,对于以太坊来说,曾经有很多联合创始人,而他们都离开了——是有原因的!然而,在学校里,新的区块链爱好者却被展示了一幅过时的区块链图景,误导他们认为以太坊的 Solidity 智能合约和 EVM 是自切片面包以来最伟大的发明。创新发展迅速,但以太坊受益于教育的惯性。

另一个问题出在以太坊的生态系统本身,它的庞大使其变得不灵活,并且往往不愿支持自己的生态系统。而且因为它已经建立得如此根深蒂固,在将去中心化与合作相结合时,存在着内在的对齐问题(保持一致性)。以太坊团队的挑战是确保多样化的项目能够为一个统一的愿景作出贡献。这个概念在历史上定义得并不好,这就带来了被“社会层面”控制的风险。为了“保持控制”,Vitalik 一再主张,应让“对齐”这一概念变得更加清晰,将其分解为特定的属性,并可以通过具体的指标来衡量。

讨论“对齐”问题显示了“以太坊优先”心态的根深蒂固。它自身的成功使得它在定位上陷入了思想的死胡同。加入“多链未来”将意味着放弃其对主导地位的要求,这显然不符合投资者的利益。与其承认以太坊永远不可能成为、也不应该成为所有区块链的统一结算层,更不用说成为所谓的“世界计算机”,还不如继续在毫无意义的 Solana 与以太坊的讨论中缠斗。

Vitalik 非常清楚自己正试图将以太坊这艘超级巨轮从死胡同中掉头。他的问题是,继续待在这个“寻租天堂”中非常符合以太坊大投资者的利益。而以太坊仍然在运作,绝对没有死亡。上周,三家大型传统金融公司宣布在以太坊上推出所谓的“现实世界资产”。它没有死,但肯定已经进入了癌症病房。

然而,癌症也是可以治愈的,更高效的 EVM 正在路上。成千上万的人正在为以太坊工作,这就是去中心化和全球化劳动力的美妙之处:仍然有治愈的希望。现在创新发展迅猛,尽管以太坊面临诸多问题和激烈的竞争,但如果因此就轻易否定它,那将是一个错误。

所以,不,这不是以太坊的终结。这是在寻找治愈的办法,特别是我们需要:

1. 消除 L2 的寻租行为,专注于让主链具备可扩展性。这是思维上的大转变,但以太坊经历过许多改革与革命,再来一次也无妨。

2. 接受以太坊不会成为“世界计算机”或“全球结算层”,而只是众多链中的一员,共同构建链上计算的韧性未来。以太坊必须成为“多链世界”中的“众多”区块链之一,在这个多链世界中,数字网络可以跨越边界、协议和区块无缝协作。正如多样性带给人类劳动力力量一样,多样化的网络为区块链带来了安全性和冗余性。

3. 以更加民主的方式开放以太坊开发,拥抱 DAO,抛弃开发者小团体。现在,不仅在区块生产上,少数人掌握了太多的影响力。

4. 减少大投资者的影响,或许应该限制个人持有 ETH 的数量。

5. 为区块构建者创造激励,将现在的 3 人扩展到 300 人。这意味着让以太坊变得更便宜、更公平,也意味着降低盈利性。这样 ETH 的价格可能会受到影响,但那又怎样?如果为了拯救网络,需要让富人赚得少一点,那就这么做吧,对持有超过 1 万 ETH 的人征税。

要推动任何改革都非常难,一方面,以太坊内部意见众多,人人都有自己的想法;另一方面,关键决策却掌握在少数几个人手里。在开发者社区中存在一种有毒的“我们对抗他们”的心态,如果你不认同某个团队的愿景,就会立刻被决策者“拉黑”。就像许多组织一样,以太坊的治理已经成为少数有影响力的个人在掌控一切。

我还有一长串其他的提议,但我并不确定以太坊能否实施任何真正有意义的改革。每当其他 L1 链在下一次牛市中表现优于 ETH,压力就会加剧;当 ETH 价格再次上涨时,这种压力又会消失。这就是资本主义的变化无常,激励措施很少真正对齐。

所以,不要被 Solana 粉丝的说法误导,这不是两大巨头的对决,也不是以太坊的终结。这应该是一次更新的开始,一个改革的时期——就像其他线性区块链在面对新技术(如复杂的分片技术和 BlockDAG)时必须经历的那种痛苦改革一样。这不是以太坊的终结,但在凤凰涅槃之前,我们会先看到灰烬。

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