Decun 升级之前 写给加密新人的 EIP-4844 科普

吴说Published on 2024-01-23Last updated on 2024-01-23

Abstract

人人都在说 Dencun 升级和 EIP-4844 可能引领以太坊和 L2 的新叙事,但 Dencun 升级和 4844 到底是什么?

导读

人人都在说 Dencun 升级和 EIP-4844 可能引领以太坊和 L2 的新叙事,但 Dencun 升级和 4844 到底是什么?

我们并不是要成为技术人员,但清楚了解技术本身,更有助于我们正确看待叙事。

文章深入浅出的解释了 L1 和 L2 区块链的概念,探讨了 Layer 2 网络在以太坊坎昆升级前的运作方式,以及 EIP-4844 将如何改善 L2 网络的数据存储和费用结构。

介绍

什么是 L1?

Layer 1(L1)通常用来指代一个不依赖于任何外部网络的区块链:它可以自行执行一个正常运行的区块链所需的所有功能。

L1 区块链例子包括:

比特币

以太坊

Solana

Avalanche

除了以完全独立的方式运行之外,所有这些网络还有一个共同点:其他网络或区块链可以将它们用作服务提供商来实现它们所需的某些特定功能!

依赖 L1 区块链的这些网络被称为 Layer 2(L2)区块链。

什么是 L2?

L2 是建立在 L1 之上的区块链。

L2 区块链只完成了拥有一个工作的去中心化区块链所需的部分功能,它们将某些功能委托给另一个 L1 网络。

一般来说,L2 网络提出承担计算(大约等于智能合约执行)并将交易持久性(通常被称为安全性)委托给 L1。

因此,在这种情况下,L1 网络通常被称为 L2 的数据可用性层!

什么是数据可用性层?

数据可用性层是一个术语,用于指示给定 L2 写入其自己的历史记录的网络,使发生的所有交易的数据可供任何人读取。这是 L1 为 L2 执行的最重要的功能!

因为 L2 网络目前不与存储区块链处理过的所有交易的节点网络一起工作,所以 L2 必须将这个历史存储在某处。

为了更加简单的解释,可以将 L1 和 L2 想象成计算机:

L1 是计算机的硬盘,在这里,计算机存储了在 L2 上发生的交易,以防有人想查看它们;

L2 是计算机的 CPU,所有的计算都在这里发生,并且可以看到应用交易获得的结果。不过,随着新交易的到来,这个结果很快就会改变。

图片

用户可以向 L2 发送交易,就像他们使用 L1 区块链一样!他们还可以查阅存储 L2 交易的 L1 网络,以验证 L2 上发生了什么!

Layer 2 网络L2 的两种类型你可能已经听说过两种不同类型的 L2 网络,通常被称为“rollup”:

Optimistic rollup

ZK rollup

虽然听起来很可怕且难以理解,但它们之间的区别非常容易理解!之间的区别围绕着两种类型的 rollup 将其交易写入 L1 的方式,以及它们如何让最终用户相信这些交易已被正确执行。Optimistic rollup 采取以下“trust me bro(相信我兄弟)”的方法:

1. 在 L2 上执行传入的交易

2. 将交易及其执行结果发布到 L1(提供验证交易已正确应用所需的所有数据)

3. 在固定的时间内,他们允许任何人对所获得的结果提出异议。例如:如果明天你发现 Arbitrum 错误地处理了你的 $BLOB 转账,你就可以报告它。结果,你将获得奖励,Arbitrum 的链将被更正以反映正确的预期结果!

ZK rollup 则采取更多“this is the result,here’s the proof(这就是结果,这就是证据)”的方法:

1. ZK rollups 使用特殊版本的 EVM,能够正常执行交易’生成执行正确的证明。

2. 将交易及其正确执行的证明发布到 L1。

3. 现在任何人都可以通过简单地检查提供的证明来验证 L2 是否正确执行了交易(这这里最重要的事实是,验证证明的有效性比运行所有交易并将 L2 的结果与你的结果进行比较要便宜得多)。

如今的 L2 网络是如何工作的?

通常来说,我们可以将 L2 的功能总结为以下步骤:

1. L2 的用户发送交易:包装 ETH,在 Sushiswap 上交换,在 AAVE 上借贷,购买 $BLOB 等。

2. L2 随着交易的到来应用它们:这就是交换后你会收到代币的原因。

3. L2 会定期创建一批交易并将其发布到 L1,我们稍后会讨论这一点。

4. 根据 L2 的类型,交易要么最终确定,要么进入争议期。在第二种情况下,一段时间后它们也将最终确定!

5. 完成,继续重复这个操作。

现在,我想更深入地研究 L2 如何将事务批次发送到 L1,因为理解这一点将清楚地解释为什么我们需要 EIP-4844。

今天,在所有 EVM 区块链上都存在一种称为 calldata 的东西:这是用户交易中的一个特殊空间,他/她可以在其中写入任何想要的内容。

由于我们可以在交易的 calldata 中写入任何内容。L2 们灵机一动,把他们的交易、证明和执行结果都写在了这里!

由于在区块链交易的 calldata 中可以编写任何内容,L2 网络灵机一动,决定将它们的交易、证明和执行结果直接写入其中。这是一个绝妙的主意,因为借助 calldata,L2 网络现在可以将它们的历史记录写入以太坊,从而获得极高的去中心化和安全性,因为以太坊本身就具有很高的去中心化和难以修改的特性。

但是,将数据写入 calldata 隐含着一个问题,这对所有使用 L1 和 L2 的用户都是不利的:所有交易将在同一个费用市场中竞争!

这意味着,如果以太坊上的 Gas 因 NFT 铸造而飙升,L2 需要支付的数据发布成本也会增加!这将导致在 L2 上发送交易的成本增加!反之,如果L2网络需要发布大量数据,这将对那些甚至不关心 L2 数据的以太坊用户造成损害!

EIP-4844 前来救火

由于上述问题,以太坊社区想出了一个非常聪明的办法来解决这个糟糕的外部性问题:创建一个独立的地方,让 L2 可以安安静静地开展业务。

EIP-4844 带来了这样一个简单的想法:让 L2 做它们自己的事情,不干扰以太坊用户!为了实现这一点,它引入了一种新的交易类型,允许 L2 网络将它们需要的所有数据发布到 blobspace:blobspace 是以太坊区块中的一个新部分,将专门承载 L2 数据写入事务。

此外,EIP-4844 将创建一个独立的费用市场,使以太坊用户和 L2 网络彼此不受干扰,不会使对方的交易更加昂贵,这相当于每个人都将在自己的车道上安全无干扰地行驶。

这次升级预计将使 L2 交易的 Gas 费用降低约 10 倍!

结论

坎昆升级后受到重大影响的是这些网络在以太坊上写入和提交特定交易集的方式。从用户的角度来看,唯一的重大变化将是 L2 上的 Gas 费用大幅减少,L1 上的 Gas 峰值可能会减少!

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