UST 的逆袭之路

UnitimesPublished on 2022-04-24Last updated on 2022-04-24

Abstract

在2022年变幻莫测的市场环境中,稳定币占据了舞台的中心位置。

在2022年变幻莫测的市场环境中,稳定币占据了舞台的中心位置。

稳定币在Crypto领域中扮演着非常有价值的角色,因为它们允许持有者在利用区块链和DeFi的金融超级力量的同时,在生态系统中保留“现金”。稳定币也是Crypto领域中增长最快的垂直领域之一,稳定币的总市值在过去一年增长了115%,且自2020年1月以来已经增长了2950%。

上图:各大稳定币的供应量增长情况。图源:TheBlock

最近稳定币领域中最引人注目的是Terra的UST,按市值计算,UST是第三大稳定币,供应量超过177亿美元。UST由Terra区块链及其原生资产LUNA驱动,自2021年初以来,LUNA已经增长了15100%以上,市值约为340亿美元,在所有加密资产中排名第八。

这当然引出了一个问题:Terra是如何变得如此成功的?与竞争对手相比,UST的增长速度有多快?该协议面临哪些风险?

下文将尝试回答这些问题。

01.UST如何运作

首先,让我们深入了解UST,这样我们就能更好地理解它如何运作,如何获得稳定性,以及LUNA在其中扮演的角色。

UST是一种与美元挂钩的算法稳定币。为了铸造UST,用户必须销毁同等价值的LUNA(也即$1:$1);类似地,为了赎回LUNA,用户将必须销毁同等价值的UST。这意味着UST没有外部抵押品资产的支持,而是依靠市场激励来维持稳定。

让我们通过一个简单的示例来了解这种机制是如何运作的。

假设UST的价格是1.01美元,也即高于1美元的锚定价格。这意味着对UST稳定币的需求超过了供应。在这种情况下,为了降低UST的价格,套利者会被激励销毁1美元的LUNA来铸造新的UST,从而捕获UST的目标锚定价格(即1美元)与当前的价格(即1.01美元)之间的0.01美元的差额带来的收益。

当UST的交易低于1美元的锚定价格时,也存在类似的套利机会,这意味着UST稳定币的供应超过了需求。如果UST的价格是0.99美元,套利者就会被激励销毁UST来铸造1美元的LUNA,并将差额收入自己腰包。这将减少UST的供应,从而帮助UST的价格提高到1美元的锚定价格,。

虽然这一机制相对简单,但迄今为止已被证明在扩大UST供应方面非常有效。

UST的资本效率非常高,因为它不需要任何抵押品支持来铸造新的UST,与其他稳定币设计(比如超额抵押的稳定币)相比,这种机制增加了UST在供应增长方面的便利性。像DAI这样基于超额抵押的稳定币,其供应增长依赖于人们债务需求的增长。UST的这种机制也被证明在很大程度上有效地保持了UST的价格维持在其锚定价格附近,因为自2021年5月崩盘后以来,该协议的波动幅度从未超过0.02美元。

从这个机制中可以看到的另一个关键见解是,该机制将LUNA的价值与UST的需求联系起来。在其他条件相同的情况下,随着对UST的需求增加,更多的LUNA将被销毁,这将给其价格带来上行压力。而如果对UST的需求减少,LUNA将会被铸造以满足用户进行赎回,给其价格带来向下的通胀压力。

上图:LUNA的每月末总供应量变化(柱状图)vs.LUNA价格(黄色曲线)。图源:SmartStake

虽然这一机制具有高度反身性,但它将LUNA置于完全押注于UST需求的增长,并导致LUNA连续9个月处于通缩状态。如上图所示。

02.LUNA与Terra区块链

如上所述,Terra是一个稳定币协议,也是一个L1(第一层)区块链协议。

该网络是在CosmosSDK上构建的,使用TendermintProof-Of-Stake(PoS)作为其共识机制,该网络的验证者通过质押LUNA来确保网络安全。Terra最近实现与IBC(链间通信标准)兼容,这使得Terra能够实现与Cosmos生态系统中的所有其他区块链之间的资产兑换。

虽然Terra的验证者数量上限是130,但LUNA持有者可以将自己的资产代理质押给其中网络中的验证者,从而允许小型持有者也能参与到网络的质押进程中。与其他PoS区块链不同,LUNA质押者只能赚取Gas费用和兑换费(swapfee),因为该网络没有LUNA通胀质押奖励。

编者注:根据Terra官方的最新说明,在Terra网络上,所有的交易都会产生Gas费用。此外,所有涉及稳定币的交易会产生额外的费用,也即所谓的兑换费(swapfee),包括“TobinTax”和“SpreadFee”这两种,具体取决于交易的类型。具体来说,TobinTax是指通过Terra协议进行稳定币与稳定币之间的交易时(比如将UST兑换为KRT),该网络将收取一定比例的兑换费,大多数稳定币的兑换费收取比例是0.35%,但MNT的税率为2%;SpreadFee是指通过Terra协议进行稳定币与LUNA之间的兑换时(比如将UST兑换为LUNA)收取的兑换费,最低费用是0.5%。在市场极度不稳定的情况下,会去调节该费率用来保证协议的稳定。这些费用将在每个区块分配给网络中的LUNA质押者作为收益。参见:

https://docs.terra.money/docs/learn/fees.html

LUNA验证者拥有该系统的治理权,对网络升级和参数更改进行投票。最近一次重要的投票是该协议的Columbus-5升级,LUNA质押者移除了UST铸币税(即铸造新的UST所产生的费用)。要想投票达到法定人数,必须有40%的LUNA质押者参与了提案的投票,且至少有66.6%的投票者同意才能通过。

验证者在系统中还扮演着另一个关键角色,他们负责对LUNA和UST之间的兑换率(也即LUNA的价格)进行投票。Terra没有依赖Chainlink等第三方预言机系统,而是使用LUNA验证者作为其预言机,也即激励LUNA验证者来对LUNA的价格进行正确地投票,作为回报,这些验证者将获得一部分UST与其他稳定币之间以及UST与LUNA之间的兑换费作为回报。

通过使用自己的主权区块链,以及系统内部的一个预言机网络,Terra得以实现去中心化,因为它不依赖于任何外部实体来使系统正常运行。

03.采用&增长策略

正如Terra创始人DoKwon所讨论的,UST增长策略背后的核心理念是强调为UST创造效用和需求,这有助于为UST建立强大的网络效应。

以下是Terra已经采取的一些策略。

1.Anchor&TerraDeFi

Terra增加UST的效用性和使用量的最成功的方法之一是Anchor。作为Terra和Avalanche上的货币市场,Anchor允许UST持有者将UST资产存入其中,获得当前固定的19.46%APY收益率。用户还可以将Terra或者Avalanche链的L1资产的质押衍生品(当前包括bLUNE、bETH、bATOM和wasAVAX)进行抵押来借入UST。

这些L1资产累积的质押奖励,加上Anchor协议借款人支付的利息,有助于产生支付给Anchor协议存款人的19.46%利率的一部分,差额由Anchor协议所谓的收益准备金(yieldreserve)构成,目前该准备金持有超过2.67亿美元的UST。

上图:Anchor协议中的TVL(总锁仓价值)增长情况。图源:DeFiLlama

Anchor协议提供的这个存款收益率远高于其他主要的货币市场协议提供的典型收益率,因此这已经帮助Anchor协议吸引了152亿美元的TVL(总锁仓价值),并使Anchor成为UST的首个主要的需求驱动因素。

尽管如此,Anchor可能会对UST的稳定性造成风险,因为该协议拟议的收益率降低,以及该协议的收益率准备金每天都在减少400万美元,使该准备金将在大约2个月内完全耗尽,这可能导致资金流出Anchor协议,并可能导致UST的大规模赎回。

虽然目前Anchor在TerraDeFi200亿美元的TVL中占75.9%,但Terra网络上还有其他一些DeFi协议也有明显的吸引力,比如去中心交易平台Astroport和合成资产协议Mirror,二者合计持有超过25亿美元的TVL。让UST在这些其他Terra原生协议中发挥作用的能力,可以帮助抵消Anchor收益率降低时可能发生的潜在供应冲击。

2.积极的多链扩张

Terra产生UST需求的另一种方式是通过增加UST在许多其他区块链上的供应和效用。通过利用Wormhole等跨链桥解决方案,Terra成功地为UST在以太坊、Avalanche、Solana和Fantom等网络上建立了流动性。

特别是在以太坊上,Terra已经实现了大量的整合,这可能会使UST成为以太坊链上最大的稳定币之一,撰文时UST在以太坊网络上的供应量已经超过7.55亿美元。

例如,Terra最近宣布了一项有关在去中心化交易所Curve上创建4pool池的提案,该流动性池将由UST、FRAX、USDC和USDT这四种稳定币构成。该池旨在成为这个DeFi中流动性最强的DEX(即Curve)的基础交易池,取代目前该平台上的基础池3pool(由DAI、USDC和USDT组成)。

Terra和Frax这两大稳定币发行方正与[Redacted]Cartel就4pool这项计划进行合作,撰文时它们共计持有大量的CVX代币,CVX是ConvexFinance的治理代币,ConvexFinance控制着的绝大部分Curve原生代币CRV。正因为如此,4pool已经在Fantom区块链上线,在该链上拥有超过3100万美元的TVL,4pool似乎有稳固的机会来改变Curve流动性的竞争格局。

除了Curve之外,Terra已经开始与其他的以太坊DeFi协议进行集成,比如RariCapital的Fuse,这是一个无需许可的货币市场协议,Terra正在向Fuse池注入UST流动性。

3.ForexReserve储备金

另一个最近推动Terra增长的因素是“ForexReserve”储备金的创建。Terra生态发展组织LunaFoundationGuard(LFG)在2022年2月23日宣布(见下图),这个非营利性组织已经通过出售LUNA代币从三箭资本(ThreeArrowsCapital)和JumpCrypto等主要实体筹集10亿美元,旨在囤积比特币(BTC)作为后盾,帮助维持UST的锚定。

撰文时,该储备金目前持有超过18.1亿美元的BTC,目标是最终达到100亿美元的规模,并多样化其他加密资产,比如它已经开始与Avalanche的开发商AvaLabs进行1亿美元的LUNA/AVAX代币互换。这意味着截至目前,UST得到了其他加密资产的15-16%的支持。

上图:Terra生态发展组织LunaFoundationGuard(LFG)地址中持有的BTC数量增长情况。图源:BitInfoCharts

该储备金已经帮助支撑了其在加密货币市场的价格,并且已经推动了对UST的需求,可能是由于刺激了人们对UST维持其锚定及其满足人们赎回需求的能力的信心,因为自从宣布创建该储备金以来,UST的市值增长了45%,LUNA的价格增长了81%。

04.UST的状态

现在我们了解了UST的运作方式和增加其采用的驱动因素,让我们看看一些链上指标,看看该稳定币与其竞争对手相比如何。

1.流通供应量&市场份额

UST供应量在过去的一年中经历了难以置信的爆炸性增长,在此期间增长了987%以上,撰文时其流通供应量超过177亿美元。如下图所示:

上图:过去一年中UST稳定币的供应量增长情况。数据来源:TheBlock

这使UST成为第三大稳定币,仅次于USDT和USDC。考虑到另外两种稳定币(即USDT和USDC)是由法币储备支撑且由中心化实体发行,这使得UST成为所有加密货币中最大的去中心化稳定币,其规模已经比最接近它的竞争对手DAI高出了两倍多。

UST的市场份额在过去两个季度急剧增长。该协议目前占稳定币总供应量的9.8%,比2021年10月以来的2.1%增加了4倍以上。如下图所示:

数据来源:TheBlock

UST相对于其他去中心化稳定币的竞争定位,突显了其市场份额的惊人增长。根据TheBlock的数据,UST占去中心化稳定币供应的大部分:UST的供应量在8个最大的由加密货币支撑的稳定币和算法稳定币的336亿美元总供应量中占到了52.7%。这比2021年10月的19.9%增长了两倍多。如下图所示:

数据来源:TheBlock

2.增长率

正如其不断增长的市场份额所表明的那样,UST一直在以比竞争对手更快的速度增长。仔细看看这些增长率,就会发现差异有多大。

下图显示了按市值计算的十大稳定币在过去两个季度的供应增长率,包括中心化稳定币、去中心化稳定币、由法币支撑的稳定币、由加密货币支撑的稳定币以及由算法稳定币。正如我们所看到的,UST在过去6个月的增长率在这十大稳定币中遥遥领先,其供应量增长了547%。在此期间,只有两种稳定币以超过三位数的速度扩张,另一种是FRAX。

数据来源:CoinGecko

这意味着UST在过去6个月里的增长速度比10个被选中的稳定币的平均增长速度快了4.4倍,比整个稳定币行业的增长速度快了14倍。

数据来源:CoinGecko

在这个快速扩张、长期增长的稳定币领域,UST已经证明自己是最快的一匹马。

05.风险因素

既然我们已经强调了UST的巨大增长及其成功的关键,让我们花点时间来强调一下该协议面临的一些风险。

1.通胀的死亡螺旋

也许Terra面临的最大风险是所谓的“死亡螺旋”(deathspiral),就像IronFinance等稳定币出现的情况那样。这种情况包括对UST的挤兑(即大规模赎回),这往往是由于稳定币低于其锚定价格的结果,其他算法稳定币已经遭遇这种情况。如果出现这种情况,LUNA将以越来越高的价格被铸造,导致更多的UST持有者失去信心,并进一步膨胀该资产的供应,直到其失去全部价值。

2.有限的验证者数量

正如上文中提到的,UST的去中心化程度取决于保护该稳定币的Terra区块链网络。鉴于Terra只支持130个验证者,如果该协议面临重大的监管审查,这就可能是一个中心化向量。

3.Anchor收益率减少

如果Anchor的存款收益率下降,使得Anchor协议中的UST外流,那么该稳定币将面临赎回风险,如果UST持有者选择将他们的资金配置到其他地方,那么可能会引发通胀。

4.竞争

稳定币领域的竞争非常激烈。Terra将需要在协议上继续发展和迭代,并构建其网络效应,以捍卫其竞争地位。

06.总结

作为最大的去中心化稳定币,UST席卷了Crypto世界。

借助于通过UST的市场需求而积累价值的本地资产LUNE,以及一个推动产生需求、效用和建立网络效应以及惊人的增长率的积极战略,Terra似乎准备继续它的月球优势。

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This aspect may indicate a grassroots initiative where the community plays a vital role in the project's development and growth. The absence of prominent investors can sometimes create a more decentralized and independent project, allowing for organic community engagement and involvement. How Does Luna28 Work? One of the most compelling aspects of Luna28 is how it operates, particularly its unique features that set it apart from other cryptocurrency projects. 1. Lunar and Solar Eclipse Token Burns Luna28 incorporates a special token burn mechanism, which involves periodically burning a portion of its token supply during lunar and solar eclipses. This approach not only creates excitement around celestial events but also works on the fundamental principle of increasing scarcity. By reducing the overall token supply through burns, the remaining tokens have the potential for increased value, benefiting all holders. 2. Tokenomics The economic structure of Luna28 is crafted to ensure sustainability and growth. Each transaction incurs a 4.4% tax: 2% contributes to the Moon Cycle Fund, which is burned every 28 days during the full moon. The remaining 2.4% is earmarked for development and marketing, facilitating the project’s expansion and continuous improvement. This tax structure establishes a steady flow of funding while maintaining a deflationary approach that can enhance the token's value proposition. 3. 100% Burned Liquidity Security and trust are paramount in any cryptocurrency project. Luna28 addresses these concerns by locking its liquidity pool tokens in a burn wallet. This ensures that liquidity is permanently secured, fostering confidence within the community as they engage with the platform. 4. NFT Drops Further enhancing community engagement, Luna28 plans to release lunar-themed NFTs. These digital collectibles not only serve as a source of fun and creativity but also offer users unique assets tied to the larger lunar theme. The introduction of NFTs reflects a growing trend in the crypto space, blending traditional forms of artistic expression with innovative technology. 5. Hyper Deflationary Token Luna28 is classified as a hyper deflationary token, emphasizing its commitment to a declining token supply through systematic burns. This design encourages long-term holding, as community members anticipate potential value growth driven by scarcity. 6. First Buyer Incentive In a bid to promote active participation, Luna28 offers a unique first buyer incentive. After each celestial burn event, the first participant in the market is rewarded with 10% of the tokens burned during that event. This encourages immediate engagement and interest surrounding each significant celestial phenomenon. 7. Sustainable Tax Structure The project's tax model is specifically designed to encourage sustainable growth, balancing the need for ongoing project development with the goal of enhancing token value. This innovative tax structure serves the dual purpose of supporting the community's interests while maintaining a healthy ecosystem for the project. Timeline of Luna28 A well-charted timeline helps in understanding the progression and milestones of Luna28. Here’s a synopsis of important events in the project’s history: Stealth Launch: The project entered the crypto arena under a stealth launch, garnering significant community interest and posting a remarkable 1792% increase from its initial listing. This initial surge indicated strong community reception and a solid foundation for future growth. Token Burns: Committing to its unique approach, Luna28 plans to burn 28% of its token supply over a three-year period, timed specifically during lunar and solar eclipses. Community members eagerly await their opportunities to participate in these events. Community Involvement: Emphasizing transparency and the importance of community feedback, Luna28 plans to notify its users in advance about upcoming token burn events. This engagement approach encourages active participation, fostering a strong sense of community. Key Features Luna28's distinctive features bolster its appeal within the cryptocurrency sector: Hyper Deflationary Nature: The project's focus on hyper deflationary mechanics enables a strategic reduction in supply, aiming for enhanced value retention. Incentives for Early Engagement: The project rewards early participants with direct benefits, which cultivates a proactive community eager to contribute. Commitment to Community Development: The sustainable tax model not only ensures the project's growth but also actively involves the community in shaping its future direction. Conclusion Luna28 represents a unique fusion of technology, community engagement, and celestial inspiration in the cryptocurrency landscape. By integrating innovative mechanisms such as token burns during astrological events and creating engaging lunar-themed NFTs, the project distinguishes itself as a trailblazer within its niche. As a community-driven endeavor, Luna28 promises to deliver not just another cryptocurrency but an experience that marries elements of cosmic fascination with blockchain technology. With its innovative features and strong emphasis on community involvement, Luna28 has the potential to create a lasting impact in the world of digital currencies. The connection it forges between its users and the universe represents not only a creative endeavor but also a brilliantly calculated business strategy poised for growth. As we observe the evolution of Luna28, it is evident that it is more than just a token; it is a concept that encourages its community to look up at the cosmos and ponder their place within it, all while navigating the exciting world of cryptocurrency. The future for Luna28 looks bright and full of potential, eagerly awaiting its next lunar cycle.

1.1k Total ViewsPublished 2024.04.01Updated 2024.12.03

What is $LUNA

What is TERRA

Exploring the Terra Ecosystem: A Comprehensive Overview Introduction In the ever-evolving landscape of blockchain technology and cryptocurrency, the Terra Ecosystem has emerged as an ambitious project designed to facilitate a decentralized financial system. This innovative platform focuses on creating stable and scalable algorithmic stablecoins, aimed at driving the widespread adoption of cryptocurrencies. In this article, we will delve into the foundational aspects of the Terra Ecosystem, exploring its operational mechanisms, its creators, investors, notable components, and the timeline of its development. What is the Terra Ecosystem? Founded in 2018, the Terra Ecosystem is a layer-one blockchain designed to provide an efficient and reliable payment platform. The core mission of Terra is to create a preferred form of money that is not only decentralized but also practical for everyday use. At the heart of the ecosystem is its native algorithmic stablecoin, TerraUSD (UST), which is pegged to the US dollar using an innovative algorithmic mechanism. This unique approach addresses a common concern in the cryptocurrency space: the volatility that often accompanies digital assets. The Terra Ecosystem aims to enhance the usability of cryptocurrencies by creating an environment where digital currencies function similarly to traditional currencies. By being user-friendly and stable, Terra sets out to attract users outside of the crypto community, ultimately fostering mass adoption. The Creators of the Terra Ecosystem The Terra Ecosystem emerged under the guidance of its co-founders Daniel Shin and Do Kwon. Both individuals, with a wealth of experience in entrepreneurship and technology, launched Terraform Labs to spearhead this groundbreaking project. Daniel Shin, a prominent figure in the South Korean tech landscape, has co-founded multiple tech companies, while Do Kwon has an extensive background in computer science and engineering. Their partnership is pivotal in steering the development and growth trajectory of the Terra Ecosystem. Investors in the Terra Ecosystem While detailed information about specific investors remains limited, it is widely acknowledged that Terraform Labs has garnered substantial financial support from a variety of angel investors and venture capital firms. This backing provides the necessary resources for the ongoing development and expansion of the Terra Ecosystem. The emphasis on acquiring diversified investment sources reflects the strong belief in the project's potential within the cryptocurrency community. How Does the Terra Ecosystem Work? At the core of the Terra Ecosystem's functionality lies its innovative proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus mechanism. This allows holders of the LUNA token, the native currency of the ecosystem, to participate in the governance and operation of the network. The dual-token structure differentiates Terra from many other projects, with LUNA serving both as a stake for validators and as a governance token. The mechanism operates in a distinctive way, whereby the supply of LUNA backs the stablecoin UST. If the demand for UST increases, the algorithm automatically adjusts the supply of LUNA to maintain the stability of UST at its dollar peg. Users are enabled to exchange 1 UST for an equivalent value in LUNA, ensuring that fluctuations in demand do not affect the peg. This innovative approach enables the Terra Ecosystem to maintain price stability, one of its primary goals. Timeline of the Terra Ecosystem The development journey of the Terra Ecosystem has been marked by significant milestones: 2018: Establishment of Terraform Labs by Daniel Shin and Do Kwon, laying the groundwork for the Terra Ecosystem. April 2019: The initial release of the Terra blockchain, initiating its journey into the broader cryptocurrency landscape. 2021: Terra experiences remarkable growth as its total value locked (TVL) reaches new heights, positioning it as a dominant player in decentralized finance (DeFi). May 2022: A turbulent period arises as the Terra blockchain is temporarily halted following the collapse of UST and LUNA, leading to a significant impact on market perception and capitalization. January 2024: Terraform Labs files for bankruptcy, marking another critical event in the project's history, sparking discussions on the sustainability and future of the ecosystem. Key Components of the Terra Ecosystem A variety of features contribute to the unique functionality of the Terra Ecosystem: Core Functionality The Terra Ecosystem includes essential functionalities such as managing transaction fees, monitoring price fluctuations, and maintaining historical balances of transactions, all of which are crucial for ensuring user experience and operational integrity. Applications One of the flagship features of the Terra Ecosystem is its diverse array of applications. This includes: Anchor Protocol: A money market protocol that provides high stablecoin yields and tokenized stakes for users seeking to maximize returns on their investments. Mirroring Technology: Enabling users to create assets that mirror real-world assets and trades, allowing for broader use cases and applications. Chai: A payment platform designed to facilitate everyday transactions using Terra's stablecoin technology. Swaps and Exchanges The ecosystem provides functionality for seamless asset exchanges. Notable features include native swapping capabilities and platforms such as Terraswap, allowing users to exchange Terra assets efficiently while benefiting from competitive rates. Governance Governance plays a critical role in the decentralized nature of the Terra Ecosystem. Token holders use their LUNA tokens to propose changes or vote on proposals that affect the network, ensuring collective decision-making and community involvement in the ecosystem's evolution. Notable Projects in the Terra Ecosystem Beyond the core functionalities, the Terra Ecosystem is also home to notable projects that further augment its capabilities: Terraswap: This decentralized exchange (DEX) emerged to facilitate easy swapping of Terra assets, thus promoting a vibrant trading environment within the ecosystem. Astroport: Another DEX known for its high total value locked, Astroport enhances trading opportunities and liquidity provision for users. Loop Markets: This integrated exchange hub offers users a range of trading tools and services, significantly contributing to the user experience across the Terra platform. Conclusion The Terra Ecosystem stands as a significant player within the blockchain and cryptocurrency domains, aiming to create a stable and scalable financial platform designed for widespread cryptocurrency adoption. Although the ecosystem faced dramatic challenges, notably the collapse of its stablecoin UST and the LUNA token, it continues to adapt and evolve in the face of adversity. As the project navigates its future, it remains committed to its foundational vision of building practical products accessible to a broader audience, thereby reinforcing the potential of decentralized finance. The Terra Ecosystem, with its robust features and innovative approach, holds promise as it seeks to redefine the landscape of digital currency use, remaining a focal point for enthusiasts and investors alike in the ongoing evolution of blockchain technology.

1.6k Total ViewsPublished 2024.12.17Updated 2024.12.17

What is TERRA

Discussions

Welcome to the HTX Community. Here, you can stay informed about the latest platform developments and gain access to professional market insights. Users' opinions on the price of LUNA (LUNA) are presented below.

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