惊魂一周,加密行业的「危机」或才开始

比推Published on 2023-03-14Last updated on 2023-03-14

Abstract

3 月 12 日,本应是一个普普通通的日子,但在加密行业却正变得意义特殊,多次让加密市场「心惊肉跳」。

3 月 12 日,本应是一个普普通通的日子,但在加密行业却正变得意义特殊,多次让加密市场「心惊肉跳」。上周,三家美国银行陆续破产,加密行业惊魂度日,它们到底有什么魔法?美联储救市,加密行业风险真的就过去了吗?或许这只是个开始,真正的黑天鹅可能还在路上。本文无意渲染恐慌,但从周期上看,至少对加密行业而言,明年才会是一个很好的期待。

惊魂一周,加密市场险遭系统性危机

受硅谷银行以及同行 Silvergate 事件的影响,Signature Bank 股价上周五下跌 32%,在银行股连续第二天遭抛售之际一度停牌。北京时间 3 月 13 日,美联储宣布,总部位于纽约的 Signature Bank 周日被纽约州监管机构关闭。这是一周内第三家银行倒闭,这三家有一个很大的共同点,那就是都有加密业务,而且对加密行业影响举足轻重。上周确实险象环生,加密行情更是用自己的走势上演了「心惊肉跳」,下面着重介绍下这三家风口上的倒霉银行。

Silvergate 提供 Silvergate Exchange Network(SEN )全天候法币 - 加密货币交换网络,其对于加密市场的正常运行是必要的,在促进大投资者和加密货币交易平台之间的资金转移方面发挥了至关重要的作用。没有它,机构很难进出加密行业;另外,资金流向银行受限于营业时间,这对于 24/7 全天候交易的加密市场来说非常不友好。

Signature 的 SigNet 网络曾是 SEN 的替代方案之一,但随着 Signature 的关闭而下线。Signature Bank 是纽约州特许商业银行,由 FDIC 承保,截至 2022 年 12 月 31 日,总资产约为 1103.6 亿美元,存款总额约为 885.9 亿美元。

硅谷银行作为创投圈内的龙头银行,其对接全球 600 家风投机构、120 家私募股权机构,在初创企业信贷市场占有率超过 50% ,很多初创公司都在硅谷银行有资金敞口,其在加密行业中也同样举足轻重。其涉及 a16z 相关基金 28.5 亿美元、Paradigm 相关基金 17.2 亿美元、 Pantera 相关基金 5.6 亿美元。另外,硅谷银行曾投资包括 Coinbase 在内的多个加密企业,并且持有 Circle(USDC)以及 PAXOS(BUSD)部分稳定币储备资产,主要关联企业还包括,Plum、Keepit、Alviere、Plaid、Paystand。

一周之内倒闭三家银行,而且都对加密市场非常重要,行情暴跌,其实就能理解了。更直接点说,加密市场中很多大基金和公司的现金存在这三家银行,很多稳定币发行商的现金也存在这里,如果三家银行无法被救助,加密市场遭遇的将不只是利空,而是系统性风险,加密市场多年来的金融建设将付之一炬。现在,即使美联储出手了,但可能已经毁了一半了。

美联储救市,加密市场风险仍未解除

据《比推》报道,截至 3 月 12 日,包括红杉资本在内的 325 家风投机构签署了一份共同支持硅谷银行的声明;此外,雇用超过 22000 名员工的 650 名创始人也共同签署声明表示,要求监管部门阻止灾难发生。这份来自风投界的声明由风险投资公司 General Catalyst 牵头。

随后,美联储紧急发文称,经财政部长批准,财政部将从外汇稳定基金中拨出 250 亿美元作为紧急贷款支持。新的融资计划将通过创建新的银行期限融资计划(BTFP)提供,向银行、储蓄协会、信用合作社和其他合格的存款机构提供最长一年的贷款,以美国国债、机构债务和抵押贷款支持证券以及其他合格资产为抵押。这些资产将按面值计价,BTFP 将成为高质量证券的额外流动性来源,消除了机构在压力时期迅速出售这些证券的需要。

随着美联储出手采取行动,USDC 稳定币脱锚危机似乎暂时化解。但事实并非如此,这一次危机主因还是美联储加息严重影响市场流动性,这体现出美联储货币政策的滞后性,那么美联储激进加息的后果到底有多严重?目前下结论还为时过早,而未来更是充满了不可预测性。

据 CME 美联储观察最新数据显示,美联储 3 月加息 25 个基点至 4.75%-5.00% 区间的概率为 96.0%;加息 50 个基点的概率降为 0,而上次(3 月 8 日)观察到的概率为 73.5%。

据《比推》报道,高盛表示,鉴于近期银行系统的压力,不再期望美联储在 3 月 22 日的会议上加息。维持美联储将在 5 月、6 月和 7 月加息 25 个基点的预期不变,现在预计终端利率为 5.25-5.5%。3 月份之后的加息路径存在相当大的不确定性。

加密行业或成「背锅侠」,加密监管寒预计加码

我们此前曾发文表示,加密银行连接传统传统金融和加密市场,在美联储加息和加密市场去杠杆的双重影响下,其脆弱性最为凸显,因而最先暴雷。简单来讲,牛市期间,加密银行来自加密行业的客户存款急剧增加,负债端急剧扩张,放贷款太慢太麻烦,倒逼公司去「买资产」;然而,2022 年,美联储进入疯狂加息模式,利率迅速上升,导致债券价格下降,加之大型加密机构暴雷,储户疯狂提款,导致加密银行发生挤兑。为了应对提款, 加密银行被迫亏本出售债券,造成巨额实际损失。近期美联储鹰派信号加强,激进加息预期上升,Silvergate 和硅谷银行最终无力回天走向清算。

就像上文介绍的那样,一周内破产的三家银行,都与加密行业有关,与加密行业联系最深的 Silvergate 更是最先破产。今年年初时,美联储等多家监管机构已经就「加密货币风险」向银行业发出示警。这一次,监管机构大概率将借危机打击加密行业。

据《比推》报道,近日,美国联邦储备委员会已明确拒绝了 Custodia Bank 的会员申请。3 月 13 日,美国总统拜登表示,很高兴财政部迅速解决了硅谷银行的问题,后续将致力于追究制造「这场混乱」的相关方面的责任,计划继续努力加强对大型银行的监管力度。

拜登此话一出,加密市场似乎已经感觉到阵阵寒意。据《比推》报道,The Block 新闻总监 Frank Chaparro 发推称,加密友好型银行 Signature Bank 周日被纽约州监管机构关闭。这将使加密公司的银行业务状况变得异常困难和绝对残酷。加密货币的资本市场基本上回到了 2014 年之前。任何新成立的公司都没有机会获得银行合作关系。在许多方面,加密货币行业已经正式缺乏银行业务服务。

据《比推》报道,Messari 创始人 Ryan Selkis 发推称,在不到一周的时间里,加密银行业务实际上已经关闭。来自美国政府的信息很明确,即银行业务不欢迎加密货币。从现在开始,加密行业应该全力保护和推广 USDC。

「黑天鹅」或许还没有来,明年或许很美好

这轮加密银行危机是否会进一步蔓延至其他美国银行?加密行业未来将如何发展?

借着惊心动魄的硅谷银行危机,Circle CEO 阿莱尔重申了自己的稳定币「愿景」:我们长期以来一直提倡全额准备金数字货币银行业务,将我们的「互联网货币」和支付系统的基础层与部分准备金银行业务风险隔离开来。事实上,《支付稳定币法案》仍然是国会非常积极的追求,它将在法律中规定一种制度,在该制度下,稳定币资金将在美联储和短期国库券中以现金形式持有。如果我们想要一个真正安全的金融体系,我们现在比以往任何时候都更需要这部法律。

综合来看,今年真正的「黑天鹅」或许仍未到来,加密市场大概将继续接受考验。而从周期角度看,明年有人已经描绘了一个美好的愿景,从高盛的分析看,美联储将在 2024 年降息一次;而比特币下一次减半预计发生在 2024 年 4 月 20 日,如果历史重演,根据 Plan B 的数据模型计算,那么在下一个减半之前比特币将涨到 3.6 万美元,之后涨到 14.9 万美元。这两个周期叠加,我们似乎有理由怀揣对明年的期待,至于今年,请一定小心谨慎。

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