美国监管再次收紧,新投票通过的托管规则对加密机构意味着什么?

链捕手Published on 2023-02-16Last updated on 2023-02-16

Abstract

FTX 崩盘之后,美国 SEC 对加密机构的监管可谓步步紧逼……

当地时间 2 月 15 日,美国证券交易委员会(SEC)以 4 比 1 投票通过了一项关于「投资顾问托管的拟议规则」的提案(Proposed Rules Regarding Investment Adviser Custody),将扩大对冲基金和养老基金等投资顾问必须使用合格托管人持有的资产类型,旨在提高投资顾问不当使用、滥用用户资产的门槛。

《华尔街日报》评论,这一提案可能会使更多资产管理公司更难将客户的资金投资于加密货币。那么该提案到底对加密托管机构产生哪些潜在的影响?

具体而言,该提案涵盖顾问可能托管的所有资产类别,例如私人发行的证券、房地产和衍生品,当然也包括所有加密资产,其关键要点如下——

首先,该提案要求顾问妥善隔离其投资者的资产,并从合格的托管人那里获得合理的保证。根据现行规则,即 2009 年的规则,顾问和合格保管人必须将投资者的资金和证券分开,而今天的提案将把这些保护扩大到所有资产。此外,顾问将需要使用提供破产隔离的合格托管人;

其次,该提案首次要求顾问和合格的托管人相互签订书面协议,以帮助保证托管人的保护。书面协议将包括除其他要求外,合格的托管人接受公共会计师的年度评估,提供账户报表,并根据要求提供记录。

该提案将提高对作为合格托管人或合格托管人的分托管人的外国金融机构的要求。这些对外国金融机构的新要求将明确包括,除其他外,规定隔离和破产隔离。这些增强的要求将有助于确保顾问履行其对投资者的义务——无论他们使用的合格托管人或分托管人位于何处。

该提案将明确托管规则的保障措施适用于全权委托交易——当顾问寻求代表投资者买卖资产时。这表明,交易投资者资产的顾问无法规避托管规则及其提供的保障措施。

美 SEC 主席 Gary Gensler 特别强调,当前沿用的规则(即 2009 年的规则)涵盖了大量的加密资产。但尽管一些加密货币交易和借贷平台声称托管了投资者的加密货币,也并不意味着他们是合格的托管人,部分平台并没有适当隔离投资者的加密货币,而是混合了客户资产。加密公司的托管做法可能无法清除在破产时确保客户资产安全所需的法律障碍,通过这一扩大的托管规则,与顾问合作的投资者将获得他们所有资产(包括加密资产)应得的保护。

虽然该提案最终在 SEC 投票通过,但被称为「加密妈妈」的 SEC 专员 Hester M. Peirce 投下了唯一的反对票,她在演讲中提到了自己的担忧——

让托管人签订书面协议并提供所需的合理保证对顾问来说可能很困难,对客户来说成本也很高。小型顾问可能很难遵守这些要求。此外,针对「要求合格的托管人获得内部控制报告」这一点,很少有托管人能提交满足新规则规则的报告,合格的托管人很难获得这些报告。提议的全权委托交易托管方法,无论是基于货款对付(「DVP」)还是非 DVP 结算,都可能会带来重大挑战。

此外,该提案将把托管要求的范围扩大到加密资产,可能会缩小合格加密托管人的队伍。坚持资产中立的托管方法,很有可能会使加密资产投资者更容易受到盗窃或欺诈,而不是更少。最后 Hester 提到,自己并不认同规则将大多数加密资产认定为证券,她认为这样笼统的声明是似乎是希望将对加密实施「完全管辖权」战略。

如果不厘清这些概念而将该提案立即生效,很有可能会导致投资顾问立即放弃向客户提供有关加密货币的建议。她还提到,虽然意图是好的,但对投资者来说,一些强制性成本可能会超过收益。因为托管人和投资者本身会根据双方协商好的风险和责任分配设定好费用,一旦将「规则」纳入到这种私人商业关系,要求托管人按照 SEC 的高标准来保护投资者,可能会间接提高投资者的成本。

在《华尔街日报》的采访中,几位托管公司高管预测,拟议的规则最终将对成为授权保管人的含义增加新的要求,一些现有的供应商可能会选择不继续经营。此外,美国证券交易委员会的提议可能会鼓励投资公司将其加密资产委托给主流银行,即使银行监管机构正在审查加密活动。

据悉,在本次 SEC 委员投票通过这一提案之后,SEC 还会公开征求公众意见,然后在几个月后最终确定之前进行另一次投票。

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