# Rollup Related Articles

Huobi Growth Academy | In-Depth Report on Account Abstraction (AA): The Generational Leap of Ethereum's Account System and the Reshaping of the Landscape in the Next Five Years

Ethereum's Fusaka upgrade on December 3, 2025, marks a major milestone in enhancing scalability, reducing costs, and optimizing node efficiency, with significant improvements to Account Abstraction (AA). AA addresses fundamental security and usability limitations of Externally-Owned Accounts (EOAs) by enabling programmable, recoverable, and permission-controlled smart accounts. While ERC-4337 has accelerated AA adoption, challenges like high gas costs, unclear business models, ecosystem fragmentation, and cross-chain limitations have hindered widespread implementation. Advancements such as Rollup scaling, BLS signature aggregation, and EIP-7702’s seamless upgrade path are gradually enabling AA to scale. In the next five years, AA will coexist with EOAs and interoperate with protocols like x402, serving as a high-intelligence layer for on-chain accounts. It will play a critical role in transitioning Web3 from a niche technology to a mainstream infrastructure, ultimately contributing to a unified internet account system.

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