Hashrate Index:加拿大矿业回顾与展望 监管存重大阻力

吴说区块链Published on 2023-01-23Last updated on 2023-01-23

Abstract

对加拿大比特币挖矿业来说,2021年可谓是创纪录的一年。

对加拿大比特币挖矿业来说,2021年可谓是创纪录的一年。其丰富的、低成本且可持续的能源资源,寒冷的气候,加上业务能力高度熟练的矿工群体,以及未被充分利用的工业基础设施(尤其是在农村地区)和相对稳定和安全的政治环境,使得加拿大自然而然地成为全球比特币挖矿业的领跑者。币价如今正在不断攀升,另外中国挖矿禁令之后,大量挖矿业务涌入加拿大,比特币挖矿热正如火如荼进行。

2022年的情况却大不相同。

2022年初时的行业势头是2021年的延续。比特币矿企当时正在开展新的投资项目,并努力扩大现有挖矿业务。但经济和政治上的阻力使这一年的收获令人失望。预计加拿大全球算力市场份额中占比(13%)在2021年达到顶峰,而到2022年底时已降至7%-8%。

图片图一:加拿大在全球算力市场占比走势图

对加拿大和世界其他地区来说,前所未有的经济和财政干预以及重大的货币政策错误导致消费价格通胀达到40年来的高点。为了将通胀率拉回到目标水平,中央银行提高利率,导致大多数金融资产崩溃,比特币也不例外。在实体经济中,加拿大和全球各国的增长大幅放缓,美国则是经历了短暂的(技术)衰退。

具体到数字资产领域,借贷成本上升和资产价格下跌引发了一波违约和破产热潮,其中最引人注目的是FTX。币价跌幅甚至高达65%。

更加雪上加霜的是,网络难度飙升了近46%,这主要是由于几个月前相对良好的挖矿经济条件下矿企进行的矿机和基础设施投资。算力价格1(矿工从他们生产的数字商品算力获得的报酬)因此下降了近76%。在成本方面,由于加拿大和世界各地的能源成本上升,挖矿利润也进一步受到挤压。

图片图二:比特币挖矿难度和算力价格走势对比

法律及监管政策成为加拿大挖矿业发展的重大阻力

政治方面,在加拿大卡车司机抗议事件之后,全国各地的政府提出了针对性的立法建议和新法规,这使得加拿大比特币矿企的生活水生火热,不得不寻找其他地区来扩大其业务。

2月,在没有提前通知行业的情况下,财政部提出了对《消费税法》的修正案,宣布数字资产开采在加拿大不属于 "商业活动"。尽管该行业在全国各地创造了数千个岗位,为农村和偏远社区带来了数十亿美元的投资,并贡献了数千万美元的税收来支持各级政府的公共服务,但财政部还是一意孤行。

如果该提案获得通过,从事数字资产开采的公司将不再有资格获得挖矿投入所支付的增值税的进项税额抵免。这个史无前例的提案将创造一个隐藏的税收,使比特币挖矿的成本增加5%-15%,加拿大也将纵身一变,成为一个明显缺乏竞争力的挖矿点。

作为回应,加拿大矿企提出了“数字资产挖矿联盟公平税收待遇方案2”。到目前为止,他们已经成功地暂停了拟议的变化,并一直暗示官员与行业协商,以更多地了解数字资产挖矿,包括其运作原理以及公平的税收和监管在促进加拿大数字挖矿业的健康发展的重要性。不幸的是,即使拟议暂停,其税收调整带来的阴影仍然笼罩着该国所有潜在的新投资。

但绝不是只有联邦政府才能挑战政策。

3月,安大略省能源局提议将加密货币矿企排除在工业保护倡议(ICI)之外。ICI是一个电力保护计划,基于矿企在五个最高需求时段减少需求的能力,允许参与者减少其全球调整成本。但尽管比特币开采是一个独特且灵活的电力负荷,在能源稀缺的时候几乎可以立即关闭(而且在经济上有激励这样做),而且加拿大的人均发电量远远超过任何G20同行,比美国多30%,更是比G20平均水平多150%。政府仍以能源使用问题为由,在魁北克省3、纽芬兰省4、曼尼托巴省5和不列颠哥伦比亚省6取消了对新挖矿业务的电力分配。

图片图三:全球部分国家人均发电量对比

这些错误的举动强调了矿工们正面临着来自加拿大立法者和监管者的压力。相比之下,加拿大远不及美国德克萨斯州等正在利用比特币开采等大型灵活负载来稳定其电网,并激励建立新的可再生能源发电能力的地区。在加拿大,政策制定者们缺乏对行业的认知,并常常进行大量的负面宣传。

我们认为,政府对比特币挖矿的错误做法是2022年加拿大算力市场份额下降的主要原因。

但2022年也并不全是坏消息。

图片图四:加拿大2022年行业新闻一览

加拿大最大的上市矿企Hut8在加拿大进行了新的投资,将其比特币挖矿点和其他数据中心业务扩展到安大略省和不列颠哥伦比亚省。Iris Energy在不列颠哥伦比亚省Canal Flats的哥伦比亚湖技术中心建立了一个30兆瓦规模的矿场,这为该地区创造了几十个就业岗位;该公司还向Canal Flats的第一民族社区提供了50万美元7的首次捐款,并承诺今后每年都会进行捐款。DMG则是增加了对不列颠哥伦比亚省剩余水电的能源需求,此举降低了纳税人的成本,尽管监管机构和政客们并不认同。

私人矿企也不断创新。CryptoTherm和Upstream Data等公司发布了新的风冷和浸入式挖矿系统。能源公司扩大了比特币挖矿业务,以捕获原本被燃烧或排放的气体,并作为多余能源的负载库。一些矿企正在试验重新利用废热的原型。

艾伯塔省作为一个接纳比特币挖矿公司的司法管辖区也进行了表态。该省与加拿大区块链联盟一起,在9月为数字资产矿工举办了一次圆桌会议,以制定战略,鼓励在该省开采比特币和其他数字资产,并在11月带领该国第一个区块链贸易代表团前往德克萨斯州区块链峰会。

加拿大矿企需要在2023年及以后展现出其真正的价值

乍看之下,2023年的宏观经济背景并不乐观。

尽管各国央行大幅提高利率,但西方发达经济体的通胀率仍然远远高于目标水平。随着实体经济的摇摆不定,市场希望央行转向,重新回到宽松的货币政策。由于通胀目标是法律规定的,中央银行在降低通胀方面还没有取得有意义的进展,这意味着借贷成本可能进一步增加。

由于该行业的长期投资不足,以及地缘政治问题的潜在爆发,上行风险较大,所以能源成本可能会下降。加拿大具备发电能力,只是被不明智的政治驱动力所束缚。

对于矿工无法控制的宏观经济变量,需要做好最坏打算,同时也希望2023年一路长虹。

在政策方面,加拿大矿工正面临一场艰苦的战斗,但有机会在2023年取得实质性进展。加拿大将日渐成为数字资产采挖矿业的领导者,并且通过就业和经济多样化继续为国家带来好处。如果加拿大矿工能够阻止明确歧视数字资产开采的政策,那么就有长期的上升潜力。

到目前为止,加拿大数字资产挖矿业的政府关系工作在各种问题和地区中是分散的。因此,该行业没有提出一个连贯的行业利益说明,它也没有走在立法和监管威胁的前面,而是一直在新问题的后面努力追赶。

我们认为,加拿大的比特币挖矿业早就应该进行一场严肃的、永久的、协调的、全国性的数字资产挖矿游说工作,向政府发声,从而更好地帮助解决联邦税收问题,为未来的“敌对”政策努力营造一个更可信的环境并且代表该行业抢先解决潜在问题。

比特币挖矿业应该着重体现出数字商品的生产者在提升加拿大整体社会价值方面的作用。

矿企创造了就业(包括上游和下游的网站运营商),包括硬件制造商、基础设施供应商和软件工程师。它们为当地社区带来投资,这些地区往往是在机会有限和工业基础设施利用不足的农村或偏远地区。它们通过使用本来会被燃烧或排放的搁浅天然气,来进行环境的改善以及提高能源系统的效率和可持续性,通过需求响应支持电网的稳定性,并使新的可再生能源发电资产得以建立。最重要的是,它们有助于在没有物理传输线或管道基础设施的情况下将搁浅的加拿大能源输送到国际市场,因为算力是可通过互联网销售的。

加拿大在2023年及以后在数字资产开采方面的成功,将取决于行业是否能改变外界看法以及是否能让政策制定者明白接纳数字资产开采的利端。

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