厦门国家会计学院:对我国进行加密货币征税的设想与建议

吴说区块链Published on 2023-01-17Last updated on 2023-01-17

Abstract

随着技术、经济的不断发展,数字货币也愈加成熟,对数字货币征税是十分有必要的,各国目前对数字货币的税收征管各有不同。

2009 年 1 月 3 日,第一枚比特币诞生,这也是货币从信用货币时代过渡到去中心货币时代的创造之举。将比特币在各国的征税情况进行了比较,以期能对我国在比特币这种加密货币上的征税方式有所借鉴。

各国对于比特币的税收实践

美国

2014 年美国国税局正式启动对比特币征税。美国数字加密货币税收公告 (IRS Notice 2014-21) 首先规定了纳税环节有出售加密货币,购买商品、服务以及持有等环节,再根据纳税环节规定相应具体的纳税义务。

在比特币发行环节,即“挖矿”获取收入,按取得日的公允价值作为计税依据。如果挖矿的行为形成了一项业务,个人要交个体营业税。在比特币交易环节,将比特币作为支付手段购买商品或服务时,接受比特币的一方以接受日的公允价值为计税基础,计算应缴纳的所得税和消费税。支付方以比特币与商品、服务的市价差值计税。在比特币持有环节,根据持有时间的长短来确定税种。持有大于一年缴纳资本利得税,税率在 0%~20% 之间,持有未达到一年,则缴纳所得税,与普通收入税率相同,可能高达 39%。美国的资本利得税比所得税税率低。这一规定可以看出美国政府鼓励对比特币这类加密货币长期持有。

虽然美国对于比特币征税方式有了正式规定,但由于比特币的匿名性,政府无从得知交易记录和纳税人信息,不报告比特币相关收益的人很多,征收存在较大困难。2016 年 IRS 要求美国交易所 coinbase 向其提供用户的一些个人信息。2019 年国税局开始对那些没有正确申报收入和缴纳税款的加密货币投资者发送警告信,督促他们按规定承担与加密货币相关的纳税义务。

英国

在加密货币发展的初期,英国对其征收 20% 的增值税。这不利于它在英国的发展,随后英国在 2014 年发布了加密货币的征税规则。英国税务与海关总署将比特币定义为个人财产,其相关的纳税义务比较少,它认为挖矿与获得收益联系不紧密,因此这一环节免征增值税。比特币兑换其他法定货币也不需要交增值税。使用比特币进行交易的所得,个人需要缴纳资本利得税,企业缴纳企业所得税。2019 年英国对于加密资产征税的规则更新,税务局列出了会产生纳税义务的有关加密货币的行为。挖矿行为被认定为应该纳税,提供商品或服务而获取比特币的企业也应纳税。

日本

日本对于比特币等数字加密货币的接受度最高,是一种符合法律规范的支付方式。在初期,日本对购买此类货币的纳税人征收 8% 的消费税。2017 年 9 月日本取消了比特币的消费税,并且将比特币交易中获取的收益纳入到其他所得中,和工资收入,分红所得等收入相加进行综合征收。当个人其他所得超过了 20 万日元时就需要进行确认申告。所得税应以售价与买价之差为基础计算,由于比特币价格变化频繁,买价可以通过移动加权平均法或总平均发计算。在日本,比特币作为一种类似于股票的资产存在。但比特币交易所获利润适用的税率要高于股票类。税率根据总收入大小确定,在 5%~45% 之间(未加 10% 居民税)。比特币持有期间不交税。

澳大利亚

澳大利亚税务局的观点任务用比特币进行交易相当于以物易物,税收规则应该也类似。比特币不属于法定货币范畴,而是以征收资本利得税为目的的一种资产。在《加密货币的税收征收通知》中规定了对这类资产所得税的征收应该根据持有目的来决定。纳税人以比特币购买商品服务需缴纳消费税和所得税,数字加密货币的消费税在 2017 年被取消。纳税人以成本低于 10,000 美元的加密货币购买商品或服务并自己使用时,可以免税。以投资目的持有的加密货币则无法获得免税待遇。挖矿收益需要缴纳所得税。2018 年 7 月 1 日开始,外币的征税规则适用于比特币。

各国对于比特币的属性并没有达成一个共识,甚至一个国家不同群体对比特币的定义也大相径庭,关于比特币的征税问题各国目前也仍处在初级阶段,税收政策尚不规范、成熟,且变动大而频繁,以至于很多纳税人并不清楚自己与比特币相关的纳税义务,给税收的征管带来很大的困难。从相关税收政策实行的结果来看也并不理想。但若加密货币未来要走向合法化,制定与之相匹配的税收制度是必不可少的。

我国数字加密货币税收征管设想

2017 年《关于防范代币发行融资风险的公告》发布后,国内的数字货币与法定货币的兑换被全面叫停,其在我国境内的流通和出售行为都被禁止。但对于数字货币所运用的区块链技术,国家予以支持。

我国目前只能对比特币的流通和出售层面进行限制,无法对生产即“挖矿”环节进行禁止。并且,比特币具有匿名的性质,用户可以在国外进行交易。所以,比特币的流通是十分活跃的,未对其征税将会造成税源的流失。尽管国家出于对比特币炒作行为的考虑,禁止比特币的流通,但对于“挖矿”环节进行征税是可行的。并且,国际上许多国家逐步放宽了对比特币的监管,我国应该采取谨慎包容的态度,让比特币在监管下规范地发展。因此,考虑对比特币的交易和支付环节征税是十分有必要的。

比特币从生产到流通,涉及多个纳税环节,交易活动较为复杂,所涉及的主体较多,本文基于现有的税收框架,从“挖矿”环节、流通环节、出售环节这三个方面提出比特币的征税建议。

“挖矿”环节

“挖矿”行为是指每个用户为了获得下一区块的写入权,利用计算机猜测前一区块的哈希值。“挖矿”行为获得的收入可以看成两部分,一部分是获得系统预先设置奖励给获得写入权用户的比特币收入;另一部分是手续费收入。“挖矿”行为本身是运用计算机对数学问题进行求解,所以纳税人的“挖矿”行为,本质上可以看成为整个区块链上的信息进行担保。因此,纳税人获得的奖励收入可以视为服务收入;手续费收入可以视为未获得写入权的用户向获得写入权的用户收取的收入。

根据业务实质来看,“挖矿”环节需要征收增值税和所得税。首先,对于增值税的征收可以从进项税额和销项税额两个方面进行讨论。“挖矿”行为构成进项税额的费用为购买专用计算机的费用、电费、场地费等,可以参考我国现行增值税的规定进行处理。但是,比特币的获得机制使得“挖矿”行为不一定能够取得区块的写入权,获得奖励。在这种情况下,可以根据纳税人的后续处理进行判断,若纳税人未来继续从事“挖矿”活动,则此前未能抵扣的进项税额可以进行累加,并在限定期间内允许抵扣;若纳税人不再从事“挖矿”活动,则累计为抵扣的进项税额应该转出。“挖矿”环节增值税销项税额的计税依据应分成奖励收入和手续费收入来看。对于奖励收入,以取得奖励当日比特币的公允价值为销项税额的计税基础;对于手续费收入,可将手续费收入的全额作为计税基础。

其次,对于“挖矿”环节所得税的征收可以分为个人和企业两个角度进行讨论。前文提到,可以将“挖矿”行为视为一种信用担保,根据国家税务总局公告2019年第74号文规定,个人取得担保费用收入,需要按照“偶然所得”项目缴纳个人所得税。因此,对于“挖矿”行为获得的收入可以参考上述规定,缴纳个人所得税。若企业“挖矿”初始获得比特币,其奖励及手续费的公允价值作为计税基础,同时确认企业的挖矿成本,计算应纳税所得额。

流通环节

流通环节是指企业或个人使用比特币购销商品或服务的行为。在这一环节可以征收增值税、所得税。目前,对于流通环节的增值税,一般将其视为“以物易物”行为征收,即买卖双方互作购销处理。但由于比特币的匿名性使得计税依据不能够可靠地计量,因此税务机关可以采用核定征收的方式征税。并且政府可以通过设立统一的交易所对比特币的流通进行监管,也有利于纳税信息的获取。

对于所得税的征收,企业所得税法将非货币性资产交换视同销售,因此使用比特币购销取得的收益属于应税所得。个人“以物易物”可以视为财产转让缴纳个人所得税。

出售环节

出售环节是指单位或个人出售“挖矿”所得到的比特币的行为,在这一环节,需要征收增值税和所得税。对于增值税,应该以出售日比特币市场公允价值确认销项税额,同时出售方应该建立比特币的详细流向记录,采用先进先出法,对不同渠道获得比特币采用不同的计税基础进行进项税额抵扣,注意避免重复征税行为。

对于所得税,应在出售比特币的当日确认收入,并且将收入扣除成本费用后确认为财产转让所得来计征企业所得税和个人所得税。并且在计征企业所得税时应注意亏损弥补问题。

对税收征管的设想

以比特币为代表的数字加密货币发展迅速,区块链技术也具有较强的专业性。目前,税务机关对数字加密货币并未形成明确的认知,因此在征管方面可能存在困难。对数字加密货币征税,存在最大的问题是纳税信息的获取,对此,本文提出以下几点设想:

1. 政府统一设立规范化的数字加密货币交易平台。由于数字加密货币的匿名性,使得纳税信息难以获取,由政府统一设立交易平台,可以解决匿名性带来的征税难题。但是与此同时,数字加密货币也丧失了其去中心化和匿名性的特点,同时纳税人的隐私保护也是值得注意的问题。

2. 税务机关应该完善监测系统,对各个环节进行实时监控,对纳税人持有数字加密货币的价值进行评估,要求矿场所有者申报纳税信息,实行预扣预缴,年终汇算清缴的征收方式 。

3. 由于数字加密货币的国际流通十分便捷,税务机关在征管时要注意国际合作和涉税信息的共享,防止国际双重不征税,避免国际双重征税,更好地推动数字经济的发展。

总结

随着技术、经济的不断发展,数字货币也愈加成熟。对数字货币征税是十分有必要的,各国目前对数字货币的税收征管各有不同,我国需要结合当前国情,借鉴世界其他国家的做法,从税法和税收征管两个方面,尽快建立数字货币的征税机制,更好地为数字经济服务。

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How DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) Works The operational mechanics of DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) can be elaborated on based on its blockchain design and network attributes: Consensus Mechanism: By leveraging Solana’s unique proof-of-history (PoH) combined with a proof-of-stake (PoS) model, the project ensures efficient transaction validation contributing to the network's high performance. Tokenomics: While specific deflationary mechanisms have not been extensively detailed, the vast maximum token supply implies that it may cater to microtransactions or niche use cases that are still to be defined. Interoperability: There exists the potential for integration with Solana’s broader ecosystem, including various decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms. However, the details regarding specific integrations remain unspecified. Timeline of Key Events Here is a timeline that highlights significant milestones concerning DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN): 2023: The initial deployment of the token occurs on the Solana blockchain, marked by its contract address. 2024: DIGITAL GOLD gains visibility as it becomes available for trading on decentralized exchanges like PumpSwap, allowing users to trade it against SOL. 2025: The project witnesses sporadic trading activity and potential interest in community-led engagements, although no noteworthy partnerships or technical advancements have been documented as of yet. Critical Analysis Strengths Scalability: The underlying Solana infrastructure supports high transaction volumes, which could enhance the utility of $BITCOIN in various transaction scenarios. Accessibility: The potential low trading price per token could attract retail investors, facilitating wider participation due to fractional ownership opportunities. Risks Lack of Transparency: The absence of publicly known backers, developers, or an audit process may yield skepticism regarding the project's sustainability and trustworthiness. Market Volatility: The trading activity is heavily reliant on speculative behavior, which can result in significant price volatility and uncertainty for investors. Conclusion DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) emerges as an intriguing yet ambiguous project within the rapidly evolving Solana ecosystem. While it attempts to leverage the “digital gold” narrative, its departure from Bitcoin's established role as a store of value underscores the need for a clearer differentiation of its intended utility and governance structure. Future acceptance and adoption will likely depend on addressing the current opacity and defining its operational and economic strategies more explicitly. Note: This report encompasses synthesised information available as of October 2023, and developments may have transpired beyond the research period.

363 Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

What is $BITCOIN

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