GBTC将如何拖垮“DCG帝国”?

Odaily星球日报Published on 2023-01-09Last updated on 2023-01-09

Abstract

GBTC负溢价已近2年,其他ETF竞争力增强,DCG举步维艰。

2023 新年伊始,加密货币交易所 Gemini 联合创始人 Cameron Winklevoss 就代表其平台用户向数字货币集团 Digital Currency Group(DCG) 创始人 Barry Silbert 发送一封公开信,信中措辞严厉并要求其在 1 月 8 日前偿还所欠的 9 亿多美元。Cameron Winklevoss 在公开信中还透露 DCG 欠 Genesis 约 16.8 亿美元,DCG 不断加剧的危机引发了加密社区高度关注。

DCG 简介

Barry Silbert 于 2015 年创立 DCG,随后通过投资数百个项目和公司创建了“DCG 帝国。

DCG 投资版图

而 DCG 投资组合中最重要的公司就是灰度 Grayscale Investments,该公司是除中本聪之外全球最大的比特币持有者(如下图所示)。GBTC 目前持有大约 633, 000 枚比特币,略高于比特币流通供应量的 3% 。本文撰写时时,该信托基金的资产净值 (NAV) 约为 105 亿美元。

灰度声称其持有的比特币由 Coinbase Custody 负责托管。Coinbase 作为一家美国上市公司,可信度较高且需要接受审计,所以灰度的 BTC 很可能是按照标准合规做法存储的。

DCG 是怎么赚钱的?

DCG 对比特币信托基金 GBTC 中持有的标的比特币收取 2% 的管理费,根据 DCG 在 2022 年第三季度向美国证券交易委员会提交的文件显示,该公司从这笔费用中每年可以获得约 2.3 亿美元的收入并从中赚取 6800 万美元利润。这笔收入占到 DCG 每年约 8 亿美元总收入的很大一部分,而且 Barry Silbert 在 11 月 22 日致股东的信中也证实了这些数字。

在过去相当长的一段时间以来,GBTC 是美国投资者通过 IRA 或 401k 账户接触比特币的唯一途径,这也是该信托近多年来都维持溢价交易的原因之一(溢价率一度高达 40% )。

尽管 GBTC 被视为一种证券,但却没有因持有比特币密钥而导致的自我保管风险,随着市场需求的增长,旗下管理的资产规模也在不断攀升, 2021 年牛市期间甚至达到 400 亿美元以上。

GBTC 的溢价和折价问题

当灰度比特币信托基金的股票以高于基础比特币价格易手时,GBTC 就以溢价交易。相反,如果 GBTC 股票的交易价格低于资产净值,则被视为折价(负溢价)交易。

2021 年 2 月 24 日,GBTC 的资产净值(NAV)从溢价转为折价。不幸的是,从那时开始就再也没有回到溢价水平,而且折价幅度不断加剧。

之所以出现这种情况,很大程度上是因为比特币期货 ETF 的推出,导致市场竞争加剧,2021 年 11 月牛市期间推出的 Valkyrie 比特币战略期货 ETF(BTF)和在加拿大持有的 Purpose 比特币交易所交易基金是灰度比特币信托基金的两个最主要竞争对手,这些比特币基金和往往提供比灰度更低的管理费,导致客户纷纷转投比特币交易所交易基金,GBTC 的市场需求也应声下降。

当前 GBTC 的折价率在 48% 区间,而此前跌幅曾一度低至 50% ,创下有记录以来的最大折价率。此前,持有 GBTC 还有另一个问题:GBTC 股票会被强制锁定 6 个月,导致其流动性极差,这意味着当折价率上升时,投资者根本无法赎回自己持有的 GBTC 股票。此外,GBTC 股票持有者并不拥有实际的比特币,因为 GBTC 本质上是一种比特币的纸质衍生品。

从 2021 年 3 月到 2022 年 6 月,Digital Currency Group 开始以低于资产净值的价格回购了价值近 8 亿美元的 GBTC 股票并试图以这种手段来捍卫 GBTC 价格。因此,该公司当前拥有该信托约 10% 的已发行股份,坦率地说,回购 GBTC 在一定程度上的确缓解了机构的抛售压力,但人们发现 GBTC 的基金资产净值其实是被人为撑起的。

有人可能会问,这与 FTX 发行 FTT 代币并试图使用杠杆来保护代币是否不同?事实上,FTT 和 GBTC 分别占 FTX 和 DCG 资产负债表的很大一部分。灰度为替代加密资产提供其他类似的信托,例如以太坊信托基金 Grayscale Ethereum Trust(ETHE)目前也正在以巨大的折价率在交易,就在 1 月 3 日,灰度以太坊信托基金的资产净值折价率跌至创纪录的 60% 。

Genesis 和借贷平台产生涟漪效应

更可怕的是,包括三箭资本(3AC)和 BlockFi 等几家已宣告失败的加密公司对 GBTC 股票也有大量敞口。

2021 年期间,三箭资本持有了大量 GBTC 股份,接近 4000 万股,价值约合 13 亿美元。此外,“木头姐” Cathie Wood 旗下 Ark Invest 现在拥有约 1% 的供应量,相当于 650 万股,也是 DCG 之外的最大股东(如下图所示)。

由于此前 GBTC 溢价涨幅高达 40% ,三箭资本、BlockFi 等公司开始利用杠杆进行市场炒作, BlockFi 开始为客户提供高收益加密借贷产品。由于灰度的禁售期每六个月到期一次,也让这些公司得以继续盈利,而 Genesis 则乐于继续向三箭资本等公司提供贷款。

三箭资本从 DCG 管理公司 Genesis 获得了 23.6 亿美元的贷款,几乎占到整个 Genesis 总贷款的 50% ,这笔贷款由一些流动性不佳的加密货币以及比特币和以太坊“纸质衍生品”组成。

数据显示,Genesis 向三箭资本提供的贷款总共获得了灰度比特币信托几年约 1700 万股股票的支持,而灰度是 DCG 的子公司,拥有 446, 000 股 Grayscale Ethereum Trust、 200 万枚 AVAX 和 1300 万枚 NEAR。

ETF 救不了 DCG

在过去一段时间里,Barry Silbert 和 DCG 一直请求美国证券交易委员会将 GBTC 转换为交易所交易基金(ETF),因为 ETF 可以直接追踪标的产品,并且不会有溢价或折价。同时,如果 GBTC 能够转换为 ETF,他们就可以赎回资产,而且管理费也将大大减少。不仅如此,GBTC 转换为现货 ETF 后,任何以折扣价买入的投资者都会获利,因为它会根据资产净值进行交易。

基于比特币现货的 ETF 已在欧洲、加拿大和非洲获得批准,然而,尽管已经批准了基于比特币期货的交易所交易基金,同时 ETF 比封闭式基金更安全、更透明且没有溢价或折价、费用也更低,但出于投资者保护理由,美国证券交易委员会仍拒绝批准基于现货比特币的 ETF 上市,截至目前该监管机构已经拒绝了 Grayscale、NYDIG、Wisdom Tree 等机构的申请。

灰度现在正在起诉美国证券交易委员会, 相关诉讼的最后期限为 2022 年 2 月 3 日,之后才会作出裁决。

简单来说,由于 GBTC 面临大幅折价以及来自其他 ETF 的竞争越来越大,DCG 举步维艰。

美 SEC 未能有效帮助投资者

我们已经看到,GBTC 失去了溢价优势,加密货币生态系统在加密货币借贷平台崩溃后出现爆炸,这些基金和贷方不得不进一步扩大风险曲线以获利。

美国证券交易委员会如果批准了 GBTC 的现货 ETF 申请,那么现在的一系列市场风险就能被阻止,杠杆作用也可能被消,GBTC 溢价将不复存在,这些公司的规模也不会扩大,危机也不会爆发。

为了使基于比特币现货的 ETF 获得批准,灰度一直在竭尽所能,但美国证券交易委员会却以现货比特币容易被市场操纵为理由拒绝了灰度的申请。问题是,不追踪标的现货价格的芝商所比特币期货 ETF 同样容易受到操纵和欺诈,却获得了监管批准。

如上所述,欧洲和非洲有多个允许全球范围投资的比特币现货 ETF,这无疑导致资本从美国流出并流入到其他司法管辖区。

2023 年,加密行业路在何方?

如果 DCG 进入破产程序,该公司可能被迫清算其资产并在 GBTC 和 ETHE 中看到可观的销售,这会给现货比特币和以太坊带来相当大的抛售压力。

然而,根据区块链研究公司 Messari 的首席执行官 Ryan Selkis 的说法,灰度比特币信托基金的控股股东 Genesis Global 和 Digital Currency Group 不能简单地“抛售”其持股以筹集更多资金,因为根据 1933 年美国证券法第 144A 条规定,强制要求场外交易或场外交易实体的发行方提前通知拟议的销售,已发行股票销售上限或每周交易量只能占到股票总量的 1% 。”

2022 年 12 月 28 日,投资顾问 Valkyrie 提出了成为 GBTC 新基金发起方和管理者的建议,同时还推出了一只基金以购买折价的 GBTC。

2023 年 1 月 2 日,Cameron Winklevoss 发表了一封致 DCG 首席执行官 Barry Silbert 的公开信,质疑 Barry 的拖延策略,因为 Genesis 欠 Gemini Earn 用户 9 亿美元。此外,Cameron Winklevoss 还指责 Barry Silbert 使用资产净值交易策略使其个人从中受益。但是,信中没有透露 DCG 和 Barry Silbert 是否做出了回应;一种可能普遍存在的情况是 DCG 已经提交了破产申请。随着谣言不断流传,DCG/Genesis 正在接受美国证券交易委员会的积极调查。消息人士证实,已有多名举报人挺身而出。

Barry Silbert 承诺会在 1 月 8 日给出解决方案,但现在时间已过。

目前 DCG 的情况是:

Genesis 目前正在考虑破产;

DCG 关闭财富管理子公司;

DCG 有 20.25 亿美元欠款;

Genesis 可以调用他们的 16.75 亿美元贷款;

Genesis 欠 Gemini 9 亿美元……

从这一切中,我们可以学到什么?

比特币是一种无交易对手风险的数字资产,如果进行正确、合规的自我托管,则不会产生杠杆作用或收益。但是,投资者有管理其财务的个人责任。

但人类的头号问题往往是贪婪,正如历史告诉我们的那样,贪婪通常会导致欺诈、操纵和中心化。通过托管自己的比特币,您持有的是比特币,而不是借条或纸质衍生品。

正如我们在 2022 年所看到的那样,随着资金追逐高收益并使用比特币追逐收益而产生了可怕的交易对手风险。加密行业应该从中吸取教训,尽职调查始终至关重要。

最后,加密生态中每个人都要牢记一句话:“Not your keys, not your coins”。

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363 Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

What is $BITCOIN

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