国内若干大户加密货币遭税务稽查个人所得税

吴说区块链Published on 2023-01-06Last updated on 2023-01-06

Abstract

也有观点认为,对加密货币的征税需求,或许有可能倒逼加密货币行业在中国的合法化。

某大户向吴说爆料,2022年初以来,某地税务部门向其要求稽查个人所得税。遭到稽查的大户还有多人与详细名单。目前程序进行了接近一年,仍未最终结束、产生最终的稽查征收结果。该大户出金约数千万人民币。

2022年初,某些主流境内交易所也向税务部门提供了大量有关部分大户的交易等详细信息。税务相关人士解读:个人所得税中财产转让所得的纳税比例为个人利润/收益的20%,在上述具体案例中,应为出金收益的20%。

全球各地目前都已经陆续完善对加密货币的相关税法。中国由于将加密货币全盘定义为非法,因此征税推进存在一些争议,因为对加密货币征税很大程度即代表承认它的合法地位。这与央行等金融管理部门的立场存在冲突。

2021年10月,国税总局旗下中国税务报刊登文章《防范虚拟货币带来的税收风险》,一定程度代表税务部门的立场。

文章称,根据“法不溯及既往”的原则,境外交易所此前向我国境内居民提供的服务,可以视为“法无明文禁止”,但必须按照我国税法,就其从我国境内取得的收入,缴纳增值税、企业所得税、印花税等相关税费。

按照各虚拟货币交易所此前的交易额与收入情况测算,交易所行业总体税收规模相当可观,其余相关行业税收更有待进一步厘清。

文章称,尽管我国当前对虚拟货币形式的非法金融活动进行了严格限制,但是从当前情况看,比特币等虚拟货币在全球范围内的交易很难在短时间内消失,未来发展的方向也无法确定。

同时,在当前法律框架内,我国对于个人持有比特币等虚拟货币并未禁止,而虚拟货币的交易被定义为一种“无效的民事行为”,却并未从法律上明确禁止。

文章强调:我国应完善相关财产申报登记机制,对持有大量虚拟货币的用户进行实名登记与动态追踪。在罚没收缴、重组并购、破产清算等司法领域,要对虚拟货币的处置方式予以明确,避免国家税款流失。

此外,税务部门应当主动与央行、金融监管、市场监管、公安司法等部门联动,严厉打击虚拟货币用于地下经济、走私、洗钱、逃税等非法行为。

值得注意的是,上述交易所提供信息与对大户开展稽查,无疑就是“对持有大量虚拟货币的用户进行实名登记与动态追踪”。

吴说亦了解,此前某头部矿机厂商与大量矿工也遭到税务稽查,但可能更多是企业行为而非针对个人。

某资深税务人士对吴说表示,中国对个人所得税法规定的非常宽泛,按照他的理解,任何中国国籍的人士,在境内或境外取得的收入,都应该缴纳个人所得税。

从这个角度来看,税务部门有其征税的依据。从过去2年来看,发生很多针对直播网红、明星的案例,共同富裕旗号下对大户的税收稽查变得更加严格,近期税务局也通过 CRS 信息交换对高净值个人的海外收入开展了调查。

但另一方面,中国检察官报文章也指出,因比特币等虚拟货币存在极大金融风险,近年来我国对其管制趋严,如果说2013年时还将其视为特定的虚拟商品,那么当前在我国宏观金融政策层面则一律禁止虚拟货币相关业务活动,体现其财物属性的兑换、买卖及定价服务等均不被我国法秩序认可。

在此背景下刑法不应将比特币等虚拟货币作为财物来保护。2021年《通知》第1条第4款规定,“任何法人、非法人组织和自然人投资虚拟货币及相关衍生品,违背公序良俗的,相关民事法律行为无效,由此引发的损失由其自行承担;涉嫌破坏金融秩序、危害金融安全的,由相关部门依法查处”。

如果加密货币及相关活动不属于合法,征税的最大难题也就卡在了此处。早在2008年围绕网游的虚拟币就有过大量类似的讨论。

因此也有观点认为,对加密货币的征税需求,或许有可能倒逼加密货币行业在中国的合法化。

目前大力推进 WEB3 发展的香港的情况则是:根据香港税务条例释义及执行指引第39号(《DIPN 39》)的修订版,增加关于数字资产税收的部分,税务局会参考并运用「营商标记法则」原则,以确定所持有的数字资产是否应缴纳香港利得税。

至于加密货币交易,将考虑获利的性质,产生获利的操作,以及获利活动的地点而决定应否缴税。

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