虚拟挖矿遭禁,合同还可“转圜”吗?

肖飒lawyerPublished on 2022-12-28Last updated on 2022-12-28

Abstract

2021年的九月,对于国内的币圈人士而言,无疑是一段充满动荡的时光,央行等十部门发布的《关于进一步防范和处置虚拟货币交易炒作风险的通知》(下称“924通知”)几乎封禁了国内虚拟货币存在的空间,特别是在此后的司法实践之中,虚拟货币有关的交易在很大程度上会被认定为无效,或者被认为不属于民事诉讼的管辖范畴而不予处理。

2021年的九月,对于国内的币圈人士而言,无疑是一段充满动荡的时光,央行等十部门发布的《关于进一步防范和处置虚拟货币交易炒作风险的通知》(下称“924通知”)几乎封禁了国内虚拟货币存在的空间,特别是在此后的司法实践之中,虚拟货币有关的交易在很大程度上会被认定为无效,或者被认为不属于民事诉讼的管辖范畴而不予处理。国内的虚拟货币局势由此有了重大改变,几成定局。

但与这个大浪花相比,同日由发改委等十一部门发布的《关于整治虚拟货币“挖矿”活动的通知》(下称“《通知》”)则似乎没有起什么波澜,即便是在有关判决中,《通知》似乎更像是一种陪跑品,是“924通知”的附庸,是“虚拟货币相关业务活动属于非法金融活动”的衍生产物。但事实并非如此,《通知》有其独特之处,对于“924通知”中的有关条款的解读也不应当过于生硬,而是应当根据实际情况来确定。飒姐团队今日文章便通过近日辽宁省沈阳市中级人民法院的一份民事判决(案号:(2022)辽01民终12181号)为大家进行解答。

一、案情简介

2018年沈阳某科技有限公司与A公司签订了超算服务器相关托管协议,协议签订后,A公司收取肖某某预付电费押金150万元、预交电费200万元。后因政策限制原因,超算服务器托管业务相关场地停止运营,2018年12月19日沈阳某科技有限公司、肖某某与A公司、郝某签订了“超算服务器托管补充协议二”,约定肖某某预付的电费押金150万元、预交的电费200万元,扣除已使用电费后,剩余270万余元电费,郝某及A公司同意2018年12月19日起30日内分批次退还,并补偿肖某某9个月运营损失,每月7万元。2018年12月,A公司拖欠新疆B公司电费款192万元,郝某、A公司无力偿还电费,后肖某某代郝某、A公司偿还了该款项。2019年9月16日,郝某、A公司与沈阳某科技有限公司、肖某某签订“还款计划协议”,约定郝某、A公司2019年10月15日前返还电费押金、预交电费、垫付的电费共计480万元;如未能按期返还,从2019年10月15日起,按年利率18%计算利息,直至全部款项还清之日止。肖某某原系沈阳某科技有限公司的法定代表人及股东,现公司债权债务归肖某某。后肖某某诉至法院,要求郝某、A公司返还所有欠款并支付利息。

二、争议焦点

本案的争议焦点是《超算服务器托管补充协议二》及《还款协议书》的效力问题。

在二审期间,上诉人郝某、A公司提出,还款协议的基础法律关系来源于《超算服务器托管协议》,而该协议本质上是比特币挖矿设备的托管协议,其内容是上诉人支付电费并委托益远公司提供维保服务和日常管理。比特币挖矿是我国法律及国家政策禁止的行为,故托管协议是无效协议,而还款协议来源于无效协议,被上诉人产生的损失应当由被上诉人自己承担。

对此,二审法院认为:比特币挖矿本身并非违反法律、行政法规的行为。《关于防范比特币风险的通知》认定比特币应当是一种特定的虚拟商品,不具有与货币等同的法律地位,不能且不应作为货币在市场上流通使用。各金融机构和支付机构不得开展与比特币相关的业务。故不能依该通知认定挖矿行为本身属于违法行为。《通知》指出,坚持分类处理。区分虚拟货币“挖矿”增量和存量项目。严禁投资建设增量项目,禁止以任何名义发展虚拟货币“挖矿”项目;加快有序退出存量项目,在保证平稳过渡的前提下,结合各地实际情况科学确定退出时间表和实施路径。本案合同订立于该通知之前,也不能以此认定为违背国家政策。故上诉人所提无效的理由不成立,不予支持。

三、案例分析

事实上,在虚拟货币相关交易及民事行为均有可能被认定为无效的大浪潮之下,如何评价与虚拟货币相关的“挖矿”活动的效力是一个考验法官能力的难题。而本案中,二审法院的法官使用了一条可行的路径,即从法不溯及既往的角度出发,认定在先成立的合同并不会因违反《通知》或者其他类似的规定而无效。这当然是正确的。

根据《立法法》第93条的规定,法律、行政法规、地方性法规、自治条例和单行条例、规章不溯及既往,但为了更好地保护公民、法人和其他组织的权利和利益而作的特别规定除外。因此,行政法规、规章原则上不溯及既往,即便该行政法规、规章是为了更好地保护公民、法人和其他组织的权利和利益,也应当设置特别的溯及力条款,才能使得该行政法规、规章具备溯及力。而“挖矿”行为涉及的《通知》乃至于“924通知”,其效力等级远达不到行政法规、规章的程度,既然行政法规、规章都不能溯及既往,那么《通知》自然不能对在先合同的效力产生影响。

但除此以外,事实上,根据《通知》认定在先的“挖矿”合同无效的做法,本身就有违《通知》中关于整治虚拟货币“挖矿”活动的基本理念。

具体而言,《通知》虽然虚拟货币“挖矿”活动认定为淘汰类,同时也指出该活动能源消耗和碳排放量大,对国民经济贡献度低,对产业发展、科技进步等带动作用有限,但是,其并没有直接认定与虚拟货币“挖矿”活动有关的行为均属于非法活动,而是采取了分类处理的方法,区分虚拟货币“挖矿”增量和存量项目,对于前者严格禁止,对于后者有序退出。换言之,对于已存在的虚拟货币“挖矿”活动,《通知》是通过加大限制的方式迫使相关人员和企业退出存量项目,如第十二至第十七条规定分别规定了依法查处违法违规供电行为、实行差别电价、禁止相关项目参与电力市场、停止财税支持等等措施。

显然,在这样的“存量有序退出”的过程中,相关的民事法律关系当然是有效存续的,否则便会使得市场陷入进一步的混乱,反而不利于保障公共利益。而与此相对的是,《通知》明确对增量项目进行禁止,这就说明,如果是《通知》后的挖矿行为,那么就存在被认定为无效的风险。因此,单单从《通知》本身的规定和其基本理念出发,仍然有认定在先成立的挖矿合同有效的可能。

四、写在最后

新法新规的出台必定会对在后的法律关系产生影响,但是否能够对在先的法律关系产生影响则并不是一个容易回答的问题,这需要法律工作者对新法新规仔细研读,对新案例仔细研判,以事实为依据以法律为准绳,才能做出最合法理的答复。

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