稳定币是什么,有什么作用?

白话区块链Published on 2022-12-20Last updated on 2022-12-20

Abstract

解决波动性上的问题是最难的,那么采取什么办法能解决这些问题呢?

许多人都已清楚地看到,区块链技术进入主流市场,区块链资产和加密货币可能颠覆很多行业,但仍有一些因素阻碍了主流采用,如以下几个因素:

1.波动性:高度投机的市场和极端的价格变化;

2.监管:包括灰色地带和尚未说明的政府立场的不确定性,这使企业难以建立合法和可信的解决方案;

3.可扩展性:区块链技术达到全球效率,以便与中心化解决方案竞争的能力存在不确定性;

4.用户体验:拥有和使用加密货币对大多数人来说是费劲的,使用区块链服务也是有挑战性的。

其中,解决波动性上的问题是最难的,那么采取什么办法能解决这些问题呢?

为什么会产生稳定币?

由于加密货币受到巨大波动的影响,它们充当交换媒介和账户单位是不太理想的。

事实上,如果数字货币的价值在第二天大幅下降,那么任何商家都无法接受数字货币,因为人们对它可能值多少钱或将值多少钱没有共识。

只有在降低波动性的情况下,更广泛的人群才可能接受加密资产。

而产生波动性的原因有很多,不断改变的公众看法、新兴市场、静态货币政策和不受监管的市场。为了解决波动性的难题,稳定币应运而生。

稳定币是一种针对一个目标价格维持稳定价值的加密资产。它的设计用于任何去中心化的应用,其需要低的波动阈值才能在区块链上生存下来。

那么在哪些应用领域需要来降低波动性呢?

汇款、支付工资和租金或任何其他经常性付款,贷款和预测市场、贸易与财富管理,通过用法币来表现波动,实现更容易的可见性和采用实现套利机会。

换句话说 ,任何想要从区块链技术的优势中受益而不失去由法定货币提供的保证的人都需要稳定币。

稳定币有哪些类型?

稳定币可以分为三种主要类型,即由法币为抵押的稳定币、以加密货币作为抵押的稳定币、无低押的稳定币。

1、由法币为抵押的稳定币。最典型的案例便是 Tether 公司发行的 USDT,中文名称为泰达币。

每一个发行流通的 Tether 都与美元一比一挂钩,相对应的美元总量存储在香港 Tether 有限公司,在以美元为计量单位时,抵押品的价值不存在任何波动风险。

这种稳定币的局限性在于中心化、不透明、无存储资金或者赎回通证的担保和抵押品成本。

例如,市场对 USDT 透明度和缺乏监管的质疑声从未停止:美元储备是否足额?是否发行空气货币造成泡沫等等。

面对质疑,Tether 公司始终声称自己拥有足额的准备金,但至今也没有公开自己的准备金账户审计数据。

2、以加密货币作为抵押的稳定币。在这个模式中,支持稳定货币的抵押品本身就是一个去中心化的加密资产。这种方法允许用户通过锁定超过稳定货币总额的抵押品,来创建稳定货币。

稳定货币的抵押品通常是一种不稳定的加密资产,如 ETH,如果这项资产的价值下降太快,那么稳定货币就没有足够价值的抵押品。

因此,使用该模式的大多数项目都要求稳定货币有超额的抵押品,以防止价格剧烈波动。它的局限在于抵押物波动,对黑天鹅事件几乎没有抵抗力,需要有超额的抵押品。

3、无低押的稳定币:铸币税股份/去中心化银行/算法稳定机制。作为(部分)去中心化的银行并采用弹性供应机制。

通常涉及一些担保仓位,算法规则和复杂的稳定机制。它是通过算法扩展和收缩价格来稳定货币的供应,就像央行对法币所做的那样。

在该模型中,一些稳定币的通证完成了初始分配后,与美元等资产直接挂钩。随着对稳定币总需求的增加或减少,币量供应会自动发生变化。

它的局限性在于稳定性通常是由中心化机制维护的,货币政策仍很复杂,不清晰,未获证明,激励措施可能不足。

小结

稳定币被称作加密货币的“圣杯”,它能大幅降低进入加密市场的门槛,许多不同的项目都采用各种方式发行稳定币或正在开发之中,但截至目前,尚无明确的最佳实践。

来自传统世界的其他解决方案,如保险或金融产品,可能提供其它路径。更具体地说,对于稳定币来说,衍生产品是加密货币对冲解决方案清单中的最大竞争对手。

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