Solana正经历艰难时刻,还会再次成功吗?

FPublished on 2022-12-01Last updated on 2022-12-01

Abstract

11 月对加密市场来说是艰难的一个月,市场不景气,代币和加密基金市值不断下跌,熊市的氛围全面蔓延。

11 月对加密市场来说是艰难的一个月,市场不景气,代币和加密基金市值不断下跌,熊市的氛围全面蔓延。

当把注意力再次集中到 FTX 和 Alameda 上,我们很明显能够感受到一些与之相关的社区和项目受到了严重打击。

本文我们将深入探究 Solana 生态目前遭遇的艰难时期,以及社区在哪些方面表现出了坚强韧性。

Solana 会再次成功吗?

FTX 和 Alameda Research 的倒闭对加密市场造成了严重破坏,借贷平台、交易所和基金等都出现不同程度的破产清算,加密货币总市值从 11 月 6 日的一万亿美元下跌到目前的 8600 亿美元 左右,跌幅达 14% 。

其中有些项目代币跌幅更大,例如本文要探讨的 Alameda Research 重仓代币之一 Solana。根据 CoinDesk 报告,Alameda 在 6 月 30 日持有大约 12 亿美元的 SOL 代币。

SOL/USDT 1M - Source: TradingView

目前无法确定最近的下跌在多大程度上是由 Alameda 本身或交易员的恐惧所推动的,但在 FTX 和 Alameda 内爆后的几周内,SOL 从约 35 美元暴跌至约 11 美元,跌幅达 68.5%。

在成为 2021 年牛市中表现最好的代币之一后,SOL 现在较历史高点已经下跌了 95%。这种规模的崩盘不仅会动摇其最热心支持者的信心,而且有可能对其 DeFi 生态系统和整个网络的安全构成重大风险。

这就引出了本文所探讨的重点:Solana 会再次成功吗?

首先让我们回顾一下崩盘的后果,并展望 Solana 的未来。

网络安全与稳定

L1 的原生代币在 72 小时内下跌 60%,这是一场巨大的压力测试。

这种规模的崩盘不仅会通过大规模清算给 DeFi 生态系统带来风险,也可能会使借贷协议背上坏账,同时会增加中断的可能性来带来稳定性和安全风险,并降低网络级攻击的成本。

安全

在 FTX 崩盘后的几个时期,Solana 出现了大量质押代币流失的情况。

自 11 月 6 日以来的九个时间段内(每个时间段通常为 2 到 3 天),净质押 5460 万个 SOL,质押的 SOL 总量从 4.112 亿到 3.566 亿,跌幅达 13.2%,约占 SOL 流通供应量的 15%。

SOL Stake By Epoch - 来源:Solana Compass

其中在 11 月 7 日至 10 日危机最严重的 Epoch 370 期间,有高达 2910 万 SOL 解除质押。

显然保护网络安全的代币的美元价值出现了大幅下跌。考虑在 370 时期开始和 378 时期结束时的价格,保护网络的 SOL 价值从 147 亿美元下跌至 51 亿美元,暴跌 65.3% 。

如果不是 Solana 基金会决定在云服务提供商 Hertzner 改变政策后,推迟他们在 370 时期结束时取消质押 2850 万个 SOL 的计划,质押流出可能会更大。

尽管出现了这些资金流出,可能是由于未质押余额变为流动资产时会有大约 3 到 4 天的延迟,Solana 没有遇到任何安全问题或重大攻击。即使在这次质押流失之后,Solana 在 Staking Rewards 追踪的 PoS 网络质押价值中仍排名第四,质押率排名第 19 。

稳定

极端的市场条件会影响网络的安全性和稳定性。这是因为区块链在动荡时期经常会出现区块空间需求激增,由于用户和机器人试图疯狂地补充抵押品、执行清算并捕获市场混乱造成的其他套利行为,这会给验证者带来了更大的压力。

因难以处理区块空间需求激增,Solana 也经历了无数次性能下降和宕机。

自 2021 年 9 月以来,Solana 网络已发生 4 次宕机,总停机时间为 37 小时 11 分钟。

为了提高活跃度,Solana 社区一直致力于研究补救措施,其中包括权益加权服务质量 QoS 和在主网上线的 QUIC 等。费用市场和交易规模增加等其他改进计划可能将在未来几个月内推出。

Solana 90-Day Uptime - Source: Solana Status

这些升级似乎正在产生影响,因为在整个危机期间,Solana 没有经历任何停机或性能下降。

无论如何,100% 的活跃度是对区块链应有的期望。但鉴于其历史和危机的严重程度,Solana 在此期间的表现值得关注,这是一个令人鼓舞的迹象,表明该网络正在变得更有弹性。

Solana DeFi

流动性紧缩

Solana 在 FTX 崩盘后出现了一次重大的流动性紧缩。

Solana DeFi TVL (USD) - Source: Artemis

该网络以美元计价的 DeFi TVL 从 11 月 6 日的 10 亿美元下降至 2.783 亿美元,跌幅达 72.1%。因为许多存入 DeFi 协议(如 SOL、ETH 和 BTC)的资产都是具有高波动性和相关性的,因此,TVL 下降并不一定表明用户正在将资金撤出 Solana DeFi。

Solana DeFi TVL - Source: Artemis

然而以 SOL 计价的 TVL 则不同,自 11 月 6 日以来已从 2720 万下降 至 1970 万,跌幅达 27.5%。这表明以美元计价的 TVL 下降可能不仅仅是价格下跌的结果,而是因为用户撤出了他们的 DeFi 中的资产。

最近几周,Solana 上的稳定币供应量也大幅减少。

Solana Stablecoin Circulating Supply - Source: Artemis

自 11 月 6 日以来,该网络的稳定币市值已缩水 46.1%,从 39 亿美元降至 21 亿美元。这种下降在很大程度上是由 Tether 的「链转移」推动的,例如 USDT 发行人于 11 月 18 日将 10 亿美元的供应从 Solana 转移到以太坊,该交易占危机以来稳定币总流出量的 55.5%。

大面积清算

许多 DeFi 协议在 FTX 之后遭受了严重的打击,与 Alameda 有密切联系的项目受到的打击尤为严重。

其中最引人注目的是 Serum,一种基于订单簿的 DEX。它的治理代币 SRM,已成为「低浮动、高 FDV」代币设计的典型代表。通过这种设计,公司能够以代币为抵押获得大笔贷款,但会出现估值过高的情况。

即使在过去三周半,价格下跌 69.2% 之后,SRM 的市场价格仍拥有 24 亿美元 FDV。

Serum 也是 Solana DeFi 中的核心协议之一,Raydium、Zeta Markets、PsyOptions 等协议都建立在该协议之上。如果 Serum 的合约是不可变的,尽管其治理代币崩溃,该协议仍能毫无问题地运行。

但是,Serum 的合约由 FTX 持有的管理密钥控制,这使 Serum 以及 Solana 的生态系统处于危险之中,因为 Serum 如果停止运行可能导致灾难性的传导效应。

Serum USD TVL - Source: DeFi Llama

迄今为止,尽管 Serum 的 TVL 从危机前的 1.217 亿美元下降至仅 43.4 万美元了 ,跌幅达 99.6% ,Raydium 暂停了 DEX 的做市,Zeta Options 停止了存款,但在很大程度上避免了更坏的局面。

Solana DeFi 社区还部署了一个 Serum 分叉 OpenBook,它已经吸引了 150 万美元的 TVL。该分叉能否存活还有待观察,但它可能会在此期间为被清算的项目提供一个临时解决方案,作为比其母协议风险更低的流动性场所。

痛苦,而非死亡

正如我们所看到的,Solana 正在遭受痛苦,而非死亡。

尽管 SOL 的价格比几周前出现了大幅下跌,但 Solana 网络的弹性一直非常出色,在极端波动事件期间并没有停机或性能下降。到目前为止,该网络还经受住了很大一部分质押流出的影响。

虽然这更多是区块链网络应该满足的预期,而不是一些重大成就,但考虑到 Solana 不稳定和中断的历史,这是值得注意的。在这个动荡的时期顺利运行应该有助于在网络向前发展时获得更多的信任。

但这并不是说 Solana 前进道路上都是晴朗的天空。

Solana DeFi 遭受了重大打击,流动性大量外流,与 FTX 和 Alameda 密切相关的项目,如 Serum,受到的打击尤其严重。

许多人将 FTX 视为其加密生态的关键盟友,所以 Solana 需要时间来摆脱 FTX 暴雷的影响。此外,目前尚不清楚已申请第 11 章破产保护的 Alameda 持有多少 SOL,他们肯定会在诉讼期间清算账簿上剩余的任何东西。

围绕 Solana 在技术层面的长期竞争力的担忧也依然存在,因为他们很可能不得不接受模块化而不是坚持单一架构。从未经历过 95% 以上缩水的开发人员和社区成员是否会在未来几个月和几年内坚持下去。

Solana Weekly NFT Volume - Source: Nansen

话虽如此,加密原住民知道 Solana 不仅仅是一个 SBF 宠物项目,而且即使在熊市期间也见证了网络的用户粘性。 加密行业最近的黑客马拉松有 750 份提交,而以 SOL 计价的 NFT 数量增长了 102% 。

从长远来看,FTX 和 Alameda 影响很可能是减法和加法,因为生态系统不会受到其掠夺性商业实践和代币设计的影响,Solana 可能会成为一个更加去中心化和公平的地方。

Solana 正在经历艰难时刻,但毫无疑问关于它死亡的报道被严重夸大了。

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