身处破产边缘的Genesis:5亿元融资难倒DCG,曾鼓励3AC借款

PanewsPublished on 2022-11-24Last updated on 2022-11-24

Abstract

作为DCG的“金字招牌”之一,子公司Genesis因接连踩到3AC和FTX两大“雷”陷入破产危机。Genesis为何会处于破产边缘?又该如何摆脱流动性困境?

作为DCG的“金字招牌”之一,子公司Genesis因接连踩到3AC和FTX两大“雷”陷入破产危机。Genesis为何会处于破产边缘?又该如何摆脱流动性困境?

或许Coindesk没能想到,自己的一篇报道在带崩FTX后,也让这把火烧到了自己母公司Digital Currency Group(DCG)身上。

作为DCG的“金字招牌”之一,子公司Genesis因接连踩到3AC和FTX两大“雷”陷入破产危机,这也使得加密市场被FUD情绪笼罩。那么,Genesis为何会处于破产边缘?又该如何摆脱流动性困境?

DCG多次出手相救,需5亿美元紧急融资

在文章开始前,我们先来梳理下Genesis、Grayscale(灰度)和DCG之间的关系。

Genesis与灰度均是DCG的子公司,其中,Genesis是加密领域的先驱主要经纪人,不受益于传统大宗经纪商享有的流动性、标准、交易商间关系、票据交换所和存款融资,主要负责交易、借贷和托管业务,是GBTC的授权参与者;灰度(Grayscale )则是加密领域最大“明庄”,也是DCG的“旗舰业务及摇钱树”,按照2%的手续费,每年可产生约3亿美元的收入,主要负责信托的日常管理、季报年报、选择及监管信托的各中介服务机构等。

对于加密机构而言,GBTC是牛市稳定的套利工具,特别是在此前大放水的宏观周期及各加密热点叙事接踵而至的背景下,GBTC曾在很长一段时间保持着与比特币的正溢价,这也让3AC、BlockFi等机构纷纷选择牺牲流动性来进行套利。随后随着多支比特币ETF上市,导致GBTC不再有吸引力,开始出现负溢价,市场的整体走熊更是让负溢价加剧。DCG向美SEC申请将GBTC转化为比特币ETF,希望可以获得翻盘的机会。但SEC一直拒绝,也让灰度一气之下要起诉SEC。

作为激进型投资选手,3AC曾是GBTC的最大持仓,选择将手里借入的比特币转化成价值数十亿美元的GBTC,并将GBTC抵押给Genesis获得流动性。然而,随着GBTC逐渐出现负溢价,风险也随之而来,这让3AC旗下场外交易公司TPS Capital开始向投资者大规模推销GBTC套利产品。而随着Luna和UST的崩溃,GBTC无法赎回的机制让3AC抽不出这笔资金来补充清算额的抵押率,从而被强制清算。由于Genesis向3AC提供了23.6亿美元贷款,也因此成为其最大的借款人。不过,即便Genesis在清算全部的抵押物后,3AC仍有12亿美元的待偿金额,随后这个窟窿被DCG补上。3AC的这场流动性危机也让Genesis元气大伤,根据其第三季度报告显示,Genesis的贷款发放和交易量急剧下降,第三季度的贷款发放量已降至84亿美元,相比第二季度(404亿美元)减少79%。不仅如此,Genesis也开始降低账面风险并增强其流动性状况和抵押品质量。

然而,还没来得及缓口气的Genesis再遇FTX破产危机,其衍生品部门在FTX交易账户有1.75亿美元资金被锁定,尽管DCG紧急注入1.4亿美元,但Genesis的流动性也已几乎耗尽,并开始暂停放贷和抵押物的赎回,随后还向投资者寻求10亿美元的紧急贷款,理由是由于其资产负债表上的某些流动性不足的资产导致发生流动性紧缩情况。在此期间,DCG还被曝出早在9月份删除其团队、董事会成员、董事会顾问的姓名、职位和图片等信息,其多位高管也陆续离职。此外,由于灰度一度拒绝披露其持有比特币储备证明及冷钱包地址,也让外界围绕着Genesis、DCG及GBTC解散的各种传言开始漫天四起。

数据分析平台Arkham Intelligence仪表板分析显示,Genesis在鼎盛时期其交易资产接近50亿美元,但目前该公司的交易资产价值约为2.38亿美元。在过去三个月里,Genesis从FTX收到了价值9.3256亿美元的FTT代币,而同期从Alameda Research收到了价值1.411亿美元的FTT代币。因此,Genesis很可能将FTT代币作为抵押品给FTX和Alameda提供大量贷款,随着FTX的陨落,这些抵押品价值也所剩无几。

过去7天Genesis OTC已处理近3亿美元的稳定币赎回,其中包括价值2.509亿美元的USDC赎回、以及价值1830万美元的USDT赎回和2000万美元的DAI赎回。这意味着Genesis的可用资金在不断减少。

不过,Genesis并不再在GBTC等产品的发行中起到关键作用。今年10月,灰度新推出的经纪交易商Grayscale Securities就已接管了Genesis原来的经纪业务。不仅如此,Coinbase发布的灰度持有资产报告也表明GBTC有足够的比特币储备,目前灰度比特币信托GBTC持有超63.5万枚BTC,目前价值接近100亿美元,Greyscale Ethereum Trust中持有超300万枚ETH,价值约合33亿美元。

但Genesis仍需5亿美元的紧急融资,且当前GBTC的负溢价已达42.7%,这也意味着灰度处于危险边缘。有意思的是,与FTX破产剧情类似,Genesis在寻求币安融资后也遭到拒绝,原因是担心Genesis的一些业务可能会在未来产生利益冲突。不仅如此,Genesis与DCG的资金往来问题似乎与FTX、Alameda之间相似,据彭博社引援知情人士报道,Genesis资产负债表上有28亿美元的未偿贷款(低于第二季度100亿美元的未偿还贷款),约30%的贷款发放给了关联方,其中就包括DCG 5.75 亿美元的负债,该负债将于2023年5月到期。不仅如此,一家名为“Genesis Global Capital”的贷款子公司也一直在向Genesis Global Trading贷款。对此,DCG创始人兼首席执行官Barry Silbert解释称,这些贷款主要用于为投资机会提供资金,以及从非雇员股东手中回购DCG股票,同时这些贷款是在公平的基础上构建的,并按当时的市场利率定价。

此外,Barry Silbert还透露,其在2032年6月到期的11亿美元期票,是与Genesis和3AC违约相关的负债有关,DCG将在债权人委员会参加3AC的清算程序,并正在为债权人的利益寻求所有可用的补救措施来收回资产。虽然DCG只筹集了2500万美元的初级资本,但今年的营收有望达到8亿美元。

处于破产边缘,Genesis属于自食其果?

目前,Genesis已聘请投行Moelis探索包括破产在内的各种选择,但尚未做出任何最终决定,该公司仍有可能避免申请破产保护。

不过,华尔街投资银行Bernstein在一份研究报告表示,即使Genesis无法为其贷款账簿筹集流动性并申请破产,债权人也无法对GBTC资产提出索赔。GBTC的信托结构保护其持有人,并保持对DCG或DCG集团实体内故障的防范。同时,该报告透露,即使在最不利的情况下,DCG也更倾向于保住灰度而不是Genesis。

作为业内最大的贷款机构,Genesis走到这一步或许是其风控的不足。3AC资本创始人Su Zhu最新接受彭博社采访中提到,Genesis曾在2020年初春一口气归还了数十亿美元的贷款,这反而引发了借贷机构的恐慌(因为他们许诺了存款客户固定的收益),并请求我们再次找他们借钱。想想我们和 Alameda Research,作为迄今为止 CeFi 领域最大的借款方,我们都逐渐产生了“后援无限”的错觉。

Su Zhu称,“由于贷款机构和经纪公司一直搞内幕交易,行业给那些最大的交易公司们罩上了黑箱,这逐渐滋生了一种保密和不透明的文化。”这也意味着,Genesis走到今天这步也只是自食其果。

现在Genesis面临定向风险敞口和资本损失,其(由于3AC和FTX的破产)损失的资金比Genesis自成立以来创造的收益还要多。正如Lumida wealth首席执行官Ram Ahluwalia所言,Genesis现在有两条路可走,一个是DCG控股公司层面筹集资金,给子公司注资;另一个则是其被收购。

此外,目前已经有哪些机构受Genesis波及?

Gemini

受Genesis暂停提现影响,亿万富翁Winklevoss双胞胎的交易平台Gemini已宣布暂停提款,并表示帮助客户尽快从Earn计划中赎回资金。虽然Gemini的其他产品和服务并未出现问题,但该平台出现了资金大量流出的情况。

Circle

USDC发行商Circle发推文表示,Circle Yield是一种超额抵押的定期收益率产品。Genesis在这个产品中是Circle的交易对手方。截至2022年11月16日,Circle Yield客户的未偿贷款总额为260万美元,并受到稳健的抵押协议保护。目前未偿贷款余额仍处于超额抵押状态,Circle将确保贷款免受潜在损失的影响。”目前,Circle Yield的短期年收益率已降至0.25%,长期则降至0。

Gopax

韩国加密交易所Gopax宣布,因其加密理财产品GOFi受合作伙伴Genesis暂停赎回的影响,GOFi目前延迟还本付息。他们已要求Genesis偿还所有资产,以保护客户的资产免受Genesis的损害,但还款尚未进行。非GOFi客户资产没有影响,因为该平台的资产和GOFi产品的资产分开保管,Gopax存取款不受影响。此外,DCG是Gopax的第二大股东。

“DCG与Genesis债权人协商解决,大家避免破产,则DCG可以幸存。或者是债权人拒绝交易,Genesis 破产,然后经历多年的法庭斗争,DCG 的结果可能会相同(糟糕)。”Messari创始人Ryan Selkis给出了两种假设称,虽然Genesis与债权人和解协议是一颗难以下咽的苦药丸,但可以说对各方都有利。

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