数据分析:合并后的以太坊状态

去中心化金融社区Published on 2022-11-04Last updated on 2022-11-04

Abstract

合并已经过去了近两个月,这是以太坊历史上最大的升级。

合并已经过去了近两个月,这是以太坊历史上最大的升级。在数据深度挖掘中,我们研究了市场是如何受到影响的,网络的关键基本面是如何发展的,到目前为止ETH发行的变化,以及与以太坊质押收益相关的图表。

市场影响

合并的结果是一个“谣言买入,消息卖出”类型的事件,由于预期升级,价格上涨到近2000美元,但在9月15日合并前后跌至1250美元。尽管如此,这个最受欢迎的智能合约区块链的原生代币已经反弹,在最近几周回升到1500美元以上。

下图显示了合并前一年以来ETH的价格和交易量。ETH的交易量在合并后降至年度低点,但随后有所回升,10 月份交易量升至市场触底 880 美元左右以来的最高点。

资料来源:Santiment

最近交易量的上升对ETH来说是一个积极的信号。随着市场的广泛趋势,ETH-USD市场在Perp v2上的交易量份额持续上升,从8月份的不到20%上升到10月26日的三个月高点56%。

资料来源:沙丘分析

除了ETH价格的回升,另一个积极的迹象是,过去60天内与BTC的相关性达到了2021年12月以来的最低值,触及了+0.77的低点。然而,ETH与BTC在短期内保持着很大的正相关关系,30日指标目前接近+0.90。

资料来源:CoinMetrics

ETH交易者可能不会再受股市的左右

ETH和标准普尔500指数之间的30天相关性最近达到7个月以来的最低点,从5月份的+0.82下降到10月28日的+0.20。比特币和以太坊都没有表现出与标准普尔500指数同步的趋势,但以太坊的这种短期脱钩要明显和迅速得多。

资料来源:CoinMetrics

从现在开始关注这些相关性趋势,寻找加密货币将再次独立于传统市场进行交易的任何迹象。随着ETH逐渐接近“超稳健货币”的状态,这一关键叙事的实现可能会在未来几周或几个月加速进一步脱钩,并在中期成为代币价格的积极迹象。

以太坊的基本面表现如何?

通过观察以太坊的链上数据,一个明显的主要变化是区块时间现在更加一致了。在工作量证明方法下,以太坊的区块时间经常变化很大,因为挖矿遵循泊松过程。

但自从9月15日向权益证明过渡以来,区块时间的波动性大大降低,稳定在12秒左右。以太坊的链内部使用slot和epoch来测量时间,而不是用区块,其中每个slot是12秒,每个epoch是32个slot。有时区块时间为24或36秒,这是验证者错过slot时的情况。

资料来源:Glassnode

另一个相关数据点是存放到信标链的代币数量。如下图所示,10月最后一周新增存款接近25万个ETH,这是自4月以来的最大流入。在合并后的几周内,近45万个ETH被存入到质押合约,这代表超过有2700个新储户。

资料来源:沙丘分析

在更多的代币被质押和新储户涌入之前,以太坊见证了有史以来第四大日交易高峰,涉及已休眠两年或两年以上的代币:在保持不活跃至少两年之后,共有108万个ETH移动到链上。这是自2021年11月15日以来此类代币的最大移动,在2021年11月15日,随着价格从历史高点下降,共移动了210万枚。

被转移的休眠 ETH 很可能是来自为预期合并的“出售新闻”所影响的卖家和存入信标链以作为验证者赚取收益的投资者。如下图所示,两年休眠流通的峰值通常与市场的主要转折点相对应。

资料来源:Santiment

例如,当ETH在6月中旬的880美元左右触底时,休眠代币的数量出现了很大的峰值。考虑到不断改善的供应动态,休眠代币变得活跃的数量大量增加可能标志着ETH新的看涨阶段的开始。

对ETH发行的影响

ETH正处于成为通缩资产和实现“超稳健货币”叙事的边缘。

在工作量证明下,每年ETH的发行估计在500万左右。在合并之后,发行现在取决于信标链的存款总额,如以下公式所示:

166 * 12 (total_deposits)

目前信标链的总存款约为1466万个ETH,将该值代入上述公式,我们就可以估算出权益证明下的年发行量:每年约63.6万个ETH。然而,由于存款可能随着时间的推移而变化,很难预测ETH每年发行的确切数字。

然而,如果以太坊继续使用工作量证明,过去48天的发行将几乎与权益证明下的全年发行相当,合并以来的总供应量增加了近2600个额外的ETH单位。下图显示了ETH供应的变化率,其中新发行的代币的增长率目前为每年0.016%(相比之下,比特币为1.716%,如果以太坊继续使用权益证明,则为3.607%)。

资料来源: ultrasound.money

虽然合并减少了发行,但EIP-1559是ETH变得通货紧缩的主要决定因素,因为当以太坊的区块空间需求增加时,费用的销毁显著的减少了供应。因此,随着需求的增加,平均gas价格上升到15.5 Gwei的“超声波”阈值以上,消耗的ETH将比通过验证者奖励发放的更多。

由于信标链的提款还没有启动,验证者获得的所有质押奖励基本上都是锁定的,直到上海升级发生。其影响之一是:自合并以来,ETH的自由流通供应量下降,自9月14日以来下降了170,000代币。

自由流通供应量反映了流动性市场,不包括已销毁、可证明丢失、在信标链中质押的代币数量等。随着自由流通供应量的持续下降,随着时间的推移,这可能有利于ETH的价格,因为更多的代币通过销毁的交易费用和信标链的存款退出流通。

资料来源:CoinMetrics

质押收益

与ETH的发行一样,验证者的收益也取决于有多少代币被存入并锁定到信标链中。目前约有 12% 的供应被质押,这一数字最近超过了 1450 万个 ETH 大关。

在合并之前,矿工以以下形式获得奖励:每个新区块的发行,希望交易更快被包含的用户的优先级小费和MEV(最大可提取值)。随着以太坊转向权益证明,验证者现在获得了这些以前分配给矿工的奖励。

因此,通过包含优先级小费和MEV,它提高了以太坊验证者的质押收益率。下图使用的数据来自beaconcha.in,前20个权益池在过去31天的平均收益率在4.5%-6.7%之间。

以太坊的下一个升级,上海升级,可能会允许部分和全部退出信标链。因此,流动性质押衍生品(以下简称lsd)已成为质押ETH的流行机制,因为验证者从这些产品中受益。

Lido的stETH仍然是最主要的LSD,质押份额约为30%,LSD市场份额接近90%,其次是RocketPool。除了保持其作为LSD领导者的地位,stETH还通过在以太坊最受欢迎的第2层建立业务而扩展了自己的影响力。

资料来源:沙丘分析

自从在Optimism上发布以来,已经有超过8600个wstETH被桥接,总锁定价值(TVL)接近1500万美元。尽管在现有的所有 stETH 中只占很小的一部分,但随着第 2 层和 ETH 质押获得更多动力,我们预计 stETH 将继续增长。

资料来源:沙丘分析

由于向 LP 分配了 LDO 代币,目前 Optimism 上超过 50% 的 stETH 的 TVL 归功于两个稳定的池,它们目前提供约 8-9% 的 APR:

质押大战正在升温。

DeFi的伟大之处在于它具有高度的竞争力,为用户提供了一系列的选择和更好的产品。虽然Lido仍然是LSD领域的领头羊,但在10月份,我们看到了一个新的市场进入者:Frax Finance。

Frax自己的LSD (frxETH)有望成为收益率最高的LSD,因为它也集成到Fraxlend、Curve 和 Fraxswap中。下图显示,frxETH的供应量在短短几周内从0上升到3788,其中77%的代币由近100个验证者质押。

资料来源:沙丘分析

与stETH等重基代币不同,Frax利用了一个双代币模型:

frxETH:一种非收益的ERC-20代币,与ETH挂钩,旨在用于DeFi。持有者可以向ETH/FrxETH的Curve池提供流动性以获得CRV、CVX和FXS,或质押FrxETH以获得sFrxETH。

sFrxETH:一个ERC-4626质押金库,从新发行、小费和MEV提升中收集所有质押奖励。

因此,FrxETH持有者必须二选一,或者在ETH/FrxETH的Curve池中当LP,或者进行质押以获得验证者奖励,因此并非所有FrxETH都将被质押。由于Frax的验证者将继续获得奖励,那些质押和持有sFrxETH的人应该比其他LSD获得更高的收益。

除了Frax等新进者之外,其他协议也在帮助减少以太坊的权益集中化,如IndexCoop即将推出的meta-LSD,即多元化权益ETH指数(dsETH)。诸如IndexCoop的dsETH指数等产品将有助于促进DeFi协议在流动性质押市场上的竞争。

另一个这样的协议是Gravity,它以无息和资本高效的方式促进ETH和LSD的借款。用户可以借入Gravity的稳定币,以零利息抵押ETH、stETH、rETH等资产。它希望对抗以太坊的集中化风险的方式是,通过在整个流动质押领域共享杠杆和流动性,为这些持有者提供效用,从而促进小型LSD的增长。

虽然合并为减少ETH发行、提高区块时间稳定性和更环保的区块链奠定了基础,但它实际上并没有带来任何可扩展性方面的收益,目前由Layer 2处理。

资料来源:CoinMetrics

对于以太坊来说,最大的可扩展性收益在于“Surge”的未来道路上,其中分片的引入将大幅增加每秒可以处理的交易数量。一旦Surge完成,以太坊将在交易吞吐量方面与MasterCard和Visa等最中心化和最成熟的支付网络竞争。

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