左转微信,右转Web 3:马斯克会把Twitter变成去中心化社交媒体吗?

PanewsPublished on 2022-11-01Last updated on 2022-11-01

Abstract

Tesla、SpaceX、1.1亿 Twitter Follwers的拥有者,——Elon Musk,正式释放了他的小蓝鸟,以440亿美元(3000亿人民币)的代价上演了“英雄救美”的玛丽苏故事。

Tesla、SpaceX、1.1亿 Twitter Follwers的拥有者,——Elon Musk,正式释放了他的小蓝鸟,以440亿美元(3000亿人民币)的代价上演了“英雄救美”的玛丽苏故事。

在历经为期半年的拉锯战后,马斯克推特并购案终于尘埃落定,马斯克最终选择遵守承诺,以Tesla为抵押物,并且配合红杉、币安等多个投资人的出资,正式以4月份的约定价格440亿美元收购了推特,随后推特完成退市,成为马斯克完全控制下的一家私人公司。

在这个过程中,马斯克的立场经历了多轮次的左右摇摆,但是始终没有放弃融资,为收购准备的X Holdings公司也没有停止运作,即使在7月份的终止收购宣言,事后看来更像是一种讨价还价式的行为艺术。

在收购案中,马斯克的怀疑论点表面在于推特的用户数量造假,甚至宣称多达20%的用户数量存在造假行为,但实际上,作为右翼和西海岸工业资本家的马斯克,更多的不满在于推特的言论审查政策,证据是甫一上任便开除了封禁特朗普账号的法律、政策和信托主管Vijaya Gadde。

而在商业与政治之外,马斯克跟Web 3.0的关系也成为引人注目的焦点,在推特上,马斯克多次为比特币、狗狗币等站台,也尝试过结合比特币和特斯拉的试水举动,而从9月28日泄露的马斯克聊天记录来看,他更希望推特能成为一个言论自由的公共平台,而这必然要依靠更多的区块链技术和去中心化理念来实现。

除此之外,马斯克也表示过对微信商业模式的喜爱,一个全能的超级App,并且能在单一市场成长为10亿+用户的社交平台,会不会成为马斯克接下来模仿的重点也未可知,接下里故事会有两个结局:左转会是Web 2的社交媒体模式,而右转就只能走向Web 3的去中心化社交媒体。

马斯克给推特的自由会过火吗?

一个有效监管的、自由言论的、抗审查的推特也许会在马斯克的手上变为现实。

01

继承而非革命:推特并未为去中心化做好准备

与众人想象的不同,马斯克想要收购的推特最起码在Web 3.0社交媒体领域深耕了3年有余,是最早一批探索加密世界的硅谷大厂之一,这主要得益于其创始人 Jack Dorsey 对比特币的狂热情绪,在2019年便下令开始对去中心化社交媒体协议的研究,并推出独立于推特的品牌Blue Sky。

将外部产品内部功能化是推特已经探索成功的行之有效的转化路径。也就是说马斯克接手的推特是一个已经尝试转型的Web 3的公司,并且不同于Meta(前Facebook)的激进政策,推特对于Web 3更多是功能尝试和逐步探索,比如在Clubhouse爆火之后推出Twitter Space,比如逐步增加付费版Twitter Blue的NFT功能,并逐步释放至普通用户群体。

不同于交易等金融活动的敏感性,NFT相关的社交形象展示可以较为顺利的推进,预料马斯克会进一步增强有关社交活跃度的尝试,当前推特面临的问题在于用户量相较于Tik Tok、Instagram、Facebook过少,后者至少在全球范围内都是10亿+的保守用户数量。

马斯克的初步设想是去审查化和清除虚假用户,马斯克对推特的审查机制早有不满。

而在清除虚假用户上,一个链上运行的,需要Gas Fee来运行的社交媒体天然对虚假用户具备抵抗性,即使是简单提高门槛也能防止大规模造假的出现,唯一需要拷问的是监管部门是否会允许马斯克这么做。

而从推特创始人Jack Dorsey 的角度来看,只有马斯克能完成推特的再造,而再造一个言论自由的“数字城市广场”也是马斯克自身的追求,而一个Web 3协议级的公共平台是这个问题的唯一解决办法。

目前的问题是监管部门不会让马斯克顺利进行,主要原因在于经济监管和政治监管。

经济监管绕不开SEC。早在2018年,马斯克在推特上宣布作价420亿美元私有化特斯拉后,便遭到SEC重拳出击,最终在缴纳4千万美元的罚款后才算平安躲过此劫,如果推特要进行Web 3协议化,必然会遭遇更多来自SEC的审查措施,而这种审查,在Tornado Cash案后,审查力量还加上了美国财政部。

政治监管是推特绕不卡的话题。无法回避的案例是特朗普拉黑用户案,以及推特封禁特朗普账号一事,前者最终由最高法院裁定,后者直接由推特公司做出封禁政策,其中曲折很难评说,但是马斯克依然并未给出直接的解决办法,特朗普可以回归,但是更为激进的、攻击性强的又当如何处理呢?

如果要从传统资本手中解救推特,私有化只是第一步,只有DID、代币、灵魂绑定代币(SBT)、去中心化存储等配套措施均嵌入推特当中,完成数据所有权的回归,推特的Web 3化才能真正迈入正轨。

02

付费而非广告:推特可能的代币经济学

马斯克建设去中心化媒体真正的问题不在于推特本身,而在于出资方对商业化的需求,以及担忧马斯克会为了自身的利益而封禁竞争对手。

在本次并购中,红杉提供了8亿美元,而币安也提供了5亿美元的资金支持,如果马斯克要在公共平台和自身利益之间取得平衡,那么走向Web 3级的社交协议就成为几乎唯一的选择。

在马斯克致广告商的公开信中,主要还是在安抚他们,以稳住推特目前仅有的现金流来源,即使推特在NFT和加密货币上动作频频,但目前的推特收入构成中,90%以上的利润来源仍旧是广告服务,Web 3是未来,但是Web 2仍旧是现实。

在公开信中,马斯克“苦口婆媳”的表面自己的理想不在谋利,而是希望能创造更为包容的言论空间,让左右群体走出自己的回音室,弥合一切的不同意见,让推特真正成为言论自由的承载地和乌托邦。

更严重的是,推特目前仍旧是亏损状态,并且这种仍旧有继续扩大的趋势,和马斯克的特斯拉相比,以及Meta相比,推特的盈利能力并不强,在2021年的亏损便已经超过2亿美元。

马斯克接管后,便火速开除了包括Vijaya Gadde在内的CEO、CFO三人,据测算遣散费需要2亿美元,相当于让亏损扩大一倍。

在马斯克的商业历程中,另一个爆款特斯拉也长年无法实现盈利,直到他找到上海的超级工厂后,稳定的产能最终让特斯拉依靠低价策略扩大了用户群体,实现了由亏转盈的历史转折。

03

这一次,马斯克会走向Web3的怀抱吗?

跟 Jack Dorsey 偏爱比特币不同,马斯克更为喜欢狗狗币,足够的草根和去中心化,绝对不存在他所厌恶的华尔街操盘的可能性,但是狗狗币本身无法运行智能合约等复杂的底层逻辑。

如果要走向抗审查的言论自由市场,马斯克的一些设想依然值得我们注意,首先就是依靠更多的代币机制来支持推特的运行,比如内容上链,付费阅读等,在致广告商的信函推特下,有人提出给与头部内容创作者分成激励计划,马斯克对此表示赞成。

从更宏观的尺度而言,推特整体的架构需要重塑。比如继续推进裁撤75%员工的计划,将被开除高管空出的位置给与加密友好人士。

或许也没那么复杂,在8月份推特的离职率已经高达18.3%,也就是上千人的规模,剩下的人员至少某种程度上已经被筛选过一轮,留下的人选择跟随马斯克走向不确定的未来,而非流向其他Web 2企业。

可以畅想下推特的未来,逐步从网络切换至去中心化网络,减少审查人员,以更长的时间去寻找增加利润增长点。

而在一个以代币为支撑,节点运行在公链之上,数据存放于去中心化存储设施中的推特,是摆脱广告模式的唯一选择,即使是马斯克偏爱的狗狗币,也依然可以继续被当做打赏费运行在其上。

复刻微信会不会真的发生,推特会不会走向更加开放自由的Web 3社交媒体协议都未可知。正如马斯克搬着水池走入推特大楼的梗:Let that sink in,让子弹飞一会儿。

马斯克擅长创造奇迹,这一次能否在商业利润和去中心化间取得共识,也是一次难得的社会实验,区块链技术究竟能否支持上亿级产品的运行,让我们拭目以待!

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