解读 Polygon 扩容方案与发展规划

NansenPublished on 2022-10-27Last updated on 2022-10-27

Abstract

Polygon 是一个侧链生态系统,它引入了许多扩展解决方案,旨在让更广泛的用户可以访问 DeFi 和 NFT。

Polygon 是一个侧链生态系统,它引入了许多扩展解决方案,旨在让更广泛的用户可以访问 DeFi 和 NFT。 Polygon 将自己标榜为以太坊的区块链互联网,并声称在不牺牲安全性的情况下提供可扩展性。它被认为是建立在以太坊之上的“L2”扩展解决方案,可实现更高的吞吐量和更低的交易成本。

了解以太坊的性能局限性对于了解为什么创建 Polygon 是不可或缺的。以太坊引入了智能合约,因此为全球任何地方的任何人都可以访问去中心化金融服务创造了潜力。全球公民可以获得无需许可的贷款,通常可以获得比 TradFi 提供的更具吸引力的利率,并参与许多其他服务。然而,以太坊仍然受到其低吞吐量和高交易成本的限制。在以太坊上构建的每个项目都会受到这些问题的影响。此外,网络经常拥塞,用户争先将他们的交易添加到网络中,这推高了 gas 费用——在上一个牛市周期中,该费用高达数百美元。这使得大部分市场参与者无法在以太坊上进行随意交易。

Polygon 的核心是一系列有助于扩展以太坊的区块链。多边形可以分成两个中心组件;除了许多其他正在开发的链之外,与以太坊链平行运行的 PoS Polygon 侧链和保护在以太坊链之上的 Polygon 的 ZK Rollups。

Nansen Polygon 数据页

迄今为止,Polygon 取得了巨大的成功,Nansen 提供的数据页显示,Polygon 网络平均处理的交易量大约是以太坊的三倍,每天的交易量接近 300 万笔。

为什么网络可拓展性重要?

比特币被设计为当前货币体系的去中心化替代品,货币具有三个核心目的:作为价值存储、作为记账单位和交换媒介。支撑这些用途的是货币有效运作的隐藏假设,鉴于在现代世界中可观察到法定货币的易用性,这是一个自然的假设。尽管自比特币以来推出的许多数字资产都保留了这一核心意识形态信念,但尽管存在所有缺点,中心化系统往往是快速高效的,而去中心化的替代品仍然难以与之匹敌。

因此,可扩展性已成为加密领域的核心问题。在整篇文章中,「可扩展性」将大致定义为有效利用给定系统的能力,而不管任何时间点的总用户和总交易量如何。以太坊代表了去中心化金融的起源,这是第一个具有执行智能联系能力的图灵完备区块链。然而,网络仍然缓慢且繁琐,由基于拍卖的区块空间模型管理。以太坊平均每秒处理 13 笔交易,考虑到在网络上进行交易的人数庞大,它经常变得拥挤,这导致交互成本(gas 费)上升。因此,以太坊网络缺乏可扩展性,这是数字资产在全球范围内采用之前必须克服的最大问题之一。

侧链 Sidechains VS Rollups

侧链和 Rollups 汇总之间的核心区别在于安全性。 侧链独立运作,负责确认和处理交易; 因此需要自己的共识机制,随后,侧链负责安全。 侧链与以太坊并行运行,因此需要在两个网络之间架起一座桥梁。 相比之下,Rollups 汇总在以太坊网络之上运行,因此受到基础以太坊层的保护。

侧链允许部署智能合约和并行运行的生态系统,而汇总则侧重于通过将计算移出以太坊主链来提高吞吐量。 汇总批量交易,然后将数据摘要返回到以太坊链。

Polygon 提供了两种缩放解决方案,但越来越多地朝着 Rollups 汇总的方向发展。

Polygon 是如何工作?

以太坊等第一层区块链充当基础区块链。 它们是构建分散式应用程序的基础设施。 它们包括共识机制和原生代币。 第二层解决方案建立在第一层网络之上,在基础层之上形成第二层。 这些第二层扩展解决方案通常依赖于基础层来实现安全性和共识。 第二层网络从主链或父链中取出批量交易,对其进行处理,然后将汇总数据返回到主链。

Polygon 的 PoS(权益证明)侧链是一个兼容 EVM(以太坊虚拟机)的区块链。 它使用与以太坊相同的编码或语言,因此开发人员可以轻松地移植他们的 DApp,数百名开发人员已经这样做了。 PoS 侧链与以太坊母链一起运行,参与者在链之间桥接他们的资产并使用相同的 DApp,但交易成本要低得多。 该侧链每秒可处理 10,000 笔交易,平均汽油费仅为几分之一美分,这使得普通用户更容易使用它。 随着 PoS 侧链上发生的交易越来越多,它自然会减少以太坊主网络的拥塞。

Polygon 的其他缩放解决方案主要是 ZK Rollups(零知识汇总)。 这些技术本质上是将多批交易捆绑或「Rollup 汇总」成单个交易,执行它,然后将交易数据返回到父链。

Polygon 为何流行?

Polygon 当前的 PoS 链拥有超过 1.72 亿个唯一地址,超过 300,000 个活跃地址,每天处理超过 200 万笔交易。 每日交易量在 2021 年 6 月达到顶峰,交易量超过 900 万笔。 根据 DeFiLlama 的说法,Polygon 的 PoS 侧链具有 310 个 DeFi 协议,并拥有 13 亿美元的 TVL(锁定总价值),使其成为第五大生态系统。

Polygon 的优劣势

Polygon 的优势在于其速度和可扩展性。 它可以以极低的成本为用户处理数千笔交易,非常适合初学者和想要探索 DeFi 可能性的人。 Polygon 与以太坊有共生关系。 尽管 Polygon 对以太坊的依赖远大于以太坊对 Polygon 的依赖,但总的来说,以太坊的增长是 Polygon 的净收益。

Polygon 的劣势相对较少。 它面临来自 Optimism 和 Arbitrum 等项目的激烈竞争,最近随着流动性转移到其他第二层扩展解决方案,TVL 下降。 Polygon 也不是完全自治的,因此在以太坊网络不复存在的难以置信的情况下,Polygon 也会消失。

以太坊的合并 Merge 对 Polygon 的影响

以太坊合并是共识机制从 PoW(工作证明)到 PoS(权益证明)的变化,网络的可扩展性没有变化。 天然气费用保持不变,网络的处理能力也保持不变,因此,Polygon 对于提供可扩展性仍然至关重要。 合并对多边形的唯一影响是环境影响。 合并提高了以太坊的能源效率,因此 Polygon 现在更加环保。

什么是 Matic 代币?

MATIC 是 Polygon 网络的原生代币,为生态系统提供动力。 它的总供应量为 100 亿,已流通 87.3 亿。 用户可以质押 MATIC 以帮助提高 PoS 侧链的安全性,并获得 MATIC 作为回报。 目前,由于质押奖励,MATIC 是一种通胀代币,但由于今年 1 月在 Polygon 上上线的以太坊改进提案 (EIP) 1559,MATIC 最终将变得通货紧缩。 这看到基础交易的一部分被烧毁,迄今为止共有 310 万个 MATIC 代币被烧毁。 Matic Network 由三位印度开发商 Jaynti Kanani、Sandeep Nailwal 和 Anurag Arjun 于 2017 年创立,并于 2021 年更名为 Polygon,解释了项目名称和代币名称之间的区别。

Matic 的代币分配情况如下:

MATIC 总供应量的 3.8% 在 2017 年首次私下出售

19% 的供应量在 2019 年的 lCO(首次代币发行)期间售出

16% 的供应留给团队

4% 的供应留给顾问

12% 的供应被保留用于质押奖励 / 网络运营

22% 的供应留给 Polygon 基金会

23% 的供应留给生态系统代币

Matic 代币的使用情况

MATIC 拥有与其他数字资产相同的用例,可用于数字支付。 它可以被质押以产生被动收入的来源。 在与 Polygon 上的 DApp 交互时,它还用于在 DeFi 内支付交易费用。

MATIC 的一个重要领域是 NFT 领域。 由于成本较低,许多创作者都在 Polygon 网络上铸造 NFT,NFT 交易者正在利用 Polygon 的低交易成本来买卖 NFT。 Polygon 最近还与迪士尼和星巴克合作推出各自的 NFT 产品线。

Polygon 的跨链桥是如何工作?

由于采用了不同的规则和共识机制,区块链仍然是孤立的。 这阻止了主权链之间的价值和信息交流,并且存在连接区块链并允许资产和数据自由流动的桥梁。 Polygon Bridge 可以直接工作。 当代币从以太坊桥接时,这些代币被锁定,以便循环供应保持不变。 在 Polygon 网络上以 1:1 的比例铸造相同数量的代币。 当代币桥接回以太坊时,Polygon 上的代币被烧毁,以太坊上的代币被解锁。

Polygon 的未来

Polygon 未来的一个重要考虑因素是最终在以太坊网络上实现分片以及 ETH 2.0 的完成。

由于每天都在构建、开发和部署更多去中心化的应用程序。 以太坊无法满足需求,随着用户使用率的增加,这个痛点将变得更加尖锐。 第二层扩展解决方案仍将是不可或缺的,这一承认来自以太坊开发人员:「以太坊生态系统坚定地认为,第二层扩展是解决可扩展性三难困境同时保持去中心化和安全的唯一方法。」

Polygon 对 ZK Rollups 的定位主要是基于让所有人都可以访问以太坊。 随着以太坊网络的发展壮大,其经济带宽的增加,Polygon 角色将仍然至关重要。

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