AC:2022 年的加密寒冬

元宇宙之道Published on 2022-10-27Last updated on 2022-10-27

Abstract

10 月 26 日,官宣退圈半年之久的 Andre Cronje 突然发布长文,阐述眼下的加密市场寒冬。

10 月 26 日,官宣退圈半年之久的 Andre Cronje 突然发布长文,阐述眼下的加密市场寒冬。他在文章中介绍了导致这场寒冬的各种因素——Terra/USDT 崩盘及其导致的其他项目破产。AC 认为 Terra 的崩盘并不是孤立的,它是暴露几个加密对冲基金和交易所过度杠杆化投资组合的转折点。同时,AC 还认为对所有可能破坏市场稳定的行为者实施监管将为消费者提供急需的保护,并有助于长期市场稳定。

加密货币崩溃和网络失败

1. 介绍

2022 年震撼了加密货币市场,由于几种加密货币的价格下跌、网络和交易所失败造成了 2 万亿美元的损失。

迄今为止,对市场造成的最大冲击包括 Terra LUNA/UST 的倒闭、Celsius Network 的破产申请、Voyager Digital 的破产申请以及三箭资本的倒闭。这些冲击并非孤立出现,而是波及整个市场,导致比特币和以太坊的整体价格下跌。由此产生的似乎最成问题的问题是用户的加密货币被锁定在交易所处理的账户中,或者他们的资金管理权被掌握在其他人手中。

在这个“加密寒冬”中损失资金的大型、失败的交易所的投资者不禁想知道他们可以使用哪些补救措施,以及他们是否可以从该系统中任何不负责任的行为者那里索回。

现行监管制度下的补救措施对加密行业是无效的。大多数投资者在大量的加密交易条款和条件中签署了他们对加密货币的权利,如果这些交易服务被清算,许多人(充其量)将被列为无担保债权人。加密交易所和加密投资服务提供商本质上是作为银行运营的,但没有银行必须遵守的保障和监管。近期崩盘的基本原理并非非同寻常或新颖,它们可以在导致 2008 年传统金融市场崩盘的同样不负责任的做法中找到。这些不负责任的做法的影响及其在整个市场上产生的涟漪也并不新鲜,尤其是在一个可以说更多地基于消费者期望的市场中。许多监管机构提出的如何在加密市场保护消费者的问题的答案是应用传统金融中的比较保护措施。即:规范任何交易所持有的最低准备金,要求这些服务提供商必须获得许可,规范风险敞口,应用透明度标准,并将加密货币纳入金融产品的定义下。

这将我们带到了最近的第一次,也许是影响最大的崩盘——Terra USD 和 Luna。曾因向全球用户提供尖端区块链投资而受到赞誉的 Terra 现在被指责为 2022 年加密货币寒冬的推手。Terra 出了什么问题,以及为什么出了问题,是市场和监管机构一直在解决的关键问题。

2. Terra Luna/Terra USD(加密货币崩盘)

2.1 崩盘

Terra USD(“UST”)是一种来自 Terraform Labs 的假定稳定币。该代币通过算法挂钩与美元挂钩,使用另一种 Terraform 加密货币 LUNA 来维持其挂钩。该系统由套利网络运作,LUNA 和 UST 在其中相互兑换——当有利润时,一个被出售为另一个,从而创造了对更便宜货币的需求并使其价格回升。在有一段时间里,这种方法确实奏效了,UST 能够与美元保持接近 1:1 的比率。这种机制还会烧毁被兑换的加密货币,而这一点在崩溃中发挥了重要角色。

作为 Terra 生态系统和稳定机制的一部分,Anchor 协议的运作类似于储蓄账户,将大量 UST 存入其中以获得高长期收益。在其巅峰时期,Anchor 持有流通中所有 UST 的近 75%——这使得 UST 的价值高度依赖于该池的运作。

该协议从贷方获得 UST,将其借给借款人,以实现贷方大约 20% 的收益率——其运作方式与银行非常相似。这个回报从今年 3 月开始变化,随着协议持有的储备(Terra 为满足回报而保留的资本量)成比例地波动。随着贷款人的增加,被高回报的承诺所吸引,准备金开始减少以支付他们的收益。一个临时解决办法是向协议中注入更多的 UST 并增加储备。显然,这并没有持续下去,因为该协议的吸引力不足以让用户以恒定的资本存款进行投资。

2022 年 5 月,价值 20 亿美元的 UST 从 Anchor 协议中撤出并清算。这给 LUNA 带来了压力,因为套利者试图利用价格差异,从而扩大了 LUNA 和 UST 之间的差距,而 UST 本来就不应该变得如此之大。Luna 基金会试图通过向系统中注入更多的 UST 来弥补这一差距(记住 UST 在 LUNA 被铸造时会被烧毁),试图重新控制并平衡两种加密货币的价格。

随着 LUNA 的大量涌入,它也无法维持其价值并暴跌。Luna 基金会在储备中使用比特币并用它来稳定 UST/LUNA 的努力也失败了,导致比特币同时注入市场——供过于求导致比特币价格下跌

2.2. 什么地方出了错?

一系列问题导致了 Terra 崩溃:储备金不足、算法有缺陷,以及 Anchor 协议没有提款限制。

如果对大额提款有限制,那么也许 UST 就不会失去它的挂钩

Jump Crypto 在 2022 年 5 月审查了 UST/LUNA 的活动,发现仅仅少数大笔交易就导致了这种货币的不稳定和崩盘。这些交易已经追溯到少数钱包,所有这些钱包持有人的身份仍然未知。令人担忧的是,这样的少数人能够在没有后果或责任的情况下破坏整个加密货币生态系统。这将在下面进一步讨论。

有关 Terra 出了什么问题的更全面分析,请参阅 Nansen 的报告 https://www.nansen.ai/research/on-chain-forensics-demystifying-terrausd-de-peg

2.3 Anchor 协议提款

UST 从 Anchor 协议中提取的 20 亿美元可追溯到包括 Celsius 网络在内的七个钱包。

下图说明了随着 UST 从 Anchor 撤出,UST 与挂钩的偏差越来越大。

图 1 Jump Crypto 展示了 UST 从 Anchor 提款退出与偏离挂钩之间的相关性

在 Nansen 对 UST 脱钩的分析过程中,以下列出了对脱钩影响较大的 7 个钱包。其中一个钱包已被确定属于 Celsius,其从协议中提款的行为弊大于利。这将在下一节中进一步讨论。

一些主要的 UST 持有者的行为足以破坏 Terra 生态系统的稳定,并使小钱包持有者自负亏损,他们没有任何追索权。

正如我们将看到的,令人担忧的是,Terra 的崩溃直接导致了许多加密对冲基金和网络的崩溃。这些基金和网络的敞口过度依赖一种“稳定币”(一种算法稳定币),这是一个风险投资决策,导致数百万用户的投资贬值。

话虽如此,不能孤立地指责 Terra 崩盘的影响,加密市场的主要贷方和投资者缺乏审慎做法必须承担其责任。

3. Celsius Network(加密交易所崩盘)

著名的加密货币交易平台 Celsius Network 在美国申请破产保护。这是在 6 月 12 日 Celsius 冻结投资者账户之后又经历了一个月的不确定性之后发生的,这一举动几乎没有任何警告,并且是由于交易所流动性不足而促成的。

Celsius 无法满足投资者提款的原因仍在调查,但似乎是因为贷款的高杠杆(和低储备)、主要参与者决策不力以及主要加密货币持有者和 Celsius 高管可能存在一定程度的渎职行为的组合。

3.1 ETH 和 stETH

为了了解最近发生的 Celsius 网络及其相关代币 CEL 的崩溃,下面简要解释了 Celsius 质押实践的讨论。

Celsius 对 stETH 进行了大量投资,stETH 是一种表示 ETH(以太坊网络代币)的代币,它被放置在以太坊 2.0 信标链中——一个使用不同验证方法的二级“升级”以太坊区块链。stETH 的目的是在 ETH 平台的“升级”中获得奖励。The Merge 将当前的以太坊网络从工作量证明(PoW)共识机制(验证方法)转变为权益证明(PoS)。stETH 本质上是被锁定在去中心化智能合约中的 ETH,为在 The Merge 中到期的长期投资者赚取回报。为了获得奖励,用户将他们的 stETH 投入到各个网络的流动资金池中,从而将 stETH 的价格与 ETH 的价格挂钩。这使他们能够在新网络上获得 ETH 未来价值的奖励。

Celsius 用户将他们的 ETH 代币的密钥交给了 Celsius,Celsius 然后将这些代币存入智能合约——存入 stETH。当 Celsius 想要提取 ETH 时,stETH 在 Curve 流动性池中被交易为 ETH。stETH 对 ETH 的过度交易和提取导致 1:1 价格挂钩的不稳定——需求增加导致 ETH 价格上涨。这意味着随着 Curve 池的枯竭,Celsius 无法实现相同数量的 ETH 来满足客户提款。stETH 的第一次脱钩恰逢 Terra 的崩溃,因为用户担心不稳定,试图交易回主网络。Nansen 表示,第二次事件加剧了脱钩,发生在其他大型参与者试图平仓 stETH 的情况下。

这导致了 Celsius 的挤兑,用户恐慌撤回他们的投资,从而导致 Celsius 冻结其网络。随之而来的流动性危机导致 Celsius 于 2022 年 7 月 17 日申请清算。

3.2. Anchor 协议

Celsius 在 Terra 的 Anchor 协议中投入了大量的用户资金。虽然它在 Terra 崩溃之前撤回了大部分资金,但这被证明是一把双刃剑。通过撤回这些资金并进一步促使 UST 的脱钩,消费者对加密市场的不稳定感到恐慌——导致加密货币的更广泛提款撤资和价格下跌。

因此,这影响了 Celsius 的其他持有,尤其是受到 Terra 试图稳定 UST 的尝试直接影响的比特币(导致比特币价格下跌)。

3.3. 不良贷款

在其第 11 章破产申请中,Celsius 将其 30% 的贷款归咎于用户的坏账——约 3.1 亿美元。这些是借款人(来自 Celsius)无法偿还的贷款,基本上是从 Celsius 的账簿上注销的。

Celsius 进一步披露了三箭资本欠它的近 4000 万美元的债务——鉴于该对冲基金的破产,它不太可能拿回这些资金。

总体而言,该交易所报告其资产负债表上的赤字接近 12 亿美元——其首席执行官 Mashinsky 将其归因于“不良投资”。

3.4 涉嫌渎职和缺乏监管

自 2022 年 6 月冻结投资者账户以来,Celsius 网络已经面临多起诉讼,其中一些诉讼指控该公司存在彻头彻尾的欺诈行为。

在冻结投资者账户之前,Celsius 采取的一些行动尚未得到该公司的解释,例如向 FTX 交易所支付 3.2 亿美元以及该公司采取的过度杠杆化头寸。向 FTX 支付的款项是在客户账户被冻结之前不久支付的,据称是为了偿还贷款。在普通清算程序中,这将被视为在公司即将破产的情况下对债权人的优惠待遇。通常,当这种情况发生时,法院可能会下令撤销付款,以便债权人可以根据其排名得到公平对待——即使债权人在接受优先付款方面没有过错。

以上统计数据是 Celsius 在 6 月 12 日冻结客户帐户之前提供的最后一周统计数据(我们发现)。5 月 6 日至 5 月 12 日这一周显示出大量资金外流和负持仓。

Celsius 本质上是一家银行,但没有受到银行业务的制度框架的制约。获取客户资产(加密货币)的做法看起来很像传统金融中的存款,这是一种受到严格监管的做法。通过将这些存款存入池中来进一步放贷看起来也很像银行对客户存款所做的事情,但没有传统金融提供的保险。

其首席执行官亚历克斯・马辛斯基 (Alex Mashinsky) 导致 Celsius 崩溃的推文都是故意误导的。这至少可能违反了他对 Celsius 的信托义务。也有报道称,Mashinsky 直接告诉公众,Celsius 对 UST 的敞口最小——事实上它没有这样做,因为它是影响 UST 脱钩的最大钱包之一。

事实上,直到 6 月 12 日,Celsius 一直在积极尝试通过旨在吸引流动性的促销产品来吸引新客户,并向允许其加密货币被锁定六个月的客户提供奖励。

Mashinsky 于 6 月 12 日发布的推文是对用户提款查询的回应,据报道,在账户被冻结前几天,提款一直无法正常运行。

鉴于加密货币并未作为金融产品或法定货币进行监管,Celsius 不能说违反了监管规定。但是,可以发现他们因未实施谨慎做法和/或故意误导消费者而疏忽大意。

无论如何,既然 Celsius 已经申请破产,消费者就会想知道他们可以使用哪些补救措施——答案并不多。

3.5 破产案中的消费者权益

Celsius 于 2022 年 7 月申请破产保护。在美国,这是一个允许重组公司债务以保持公司运营的程序。

一般来说,破产保护规定优先向有担保债权人偿还,然后是无担保债权人,然后是股权持有人。拥有 Celsius 的大部分账户持有人是无担保债权人,他们只有在有担保债权人(通常拥有最高的未偿债务)被偿还后才会收到还款,然后仅根据剩余的可用资产按比例获得偿还。

这是因为在将法定货币或加密货币存入 Celsius 时,该货币将成为其他用户存款池的一部分(“commixtio”)。因此,用户无权退回该特定法定货币或加密货币,但有权退回其贡献的价值,并须遵守与 Celsius 的协议,条款和条件中有详细说明。与存款有关的普通银行法中适用的相同保护和所有权不适用于加密货币交易所,并且与加密货币交易所的协议可以免除他们对存款全部损失的责任。

以 Celsius 的术语披露和否认用户在 Celsius 的财产完全丢失的风险:

“通过将合格的数字资产借给 Celsius 或以其他方式使用服务,您将无权获得 Celsius 可能因任何后续使用任何数字资产(或其他)而产生的任何利润或收入,您也不会遭受 Celsius 的任何损失可能会因此而受苦。但是,您可能会面临 Celsius 无法部分或全部偿还其义务的风险,在这种情况下,您的数字资产可能会面临风险。”

还值得记住的是,在这里存入法定资产与存入数字资产没有什么不同。通常,当将资产借出使用并产生回报时,所有者将保留所有权。所有者将有权要求交付其资产(以维护其资产)。在这里情况并非如此,因为储户放弃了他们对其加密资产的所有权,对他们的贡献价值只有无担保的权利。

“根据适用法律,在您选择在赚取服务中使用合格数字资产(如果您可用)并因此通过您的 Celsius 账户将此类合格数字资产借给我们的期间,您授予 Celsius,或作为借款服务下的抵押品(如果您可以使用),对此类合格数字资产的所有权利和所有权,包括所有权,以及在无需另行通知您的情况下将此类数字资产保存在摄氏自己的虚拟钱包中的权利或在其他地方单独或与其他财产一起质押、再质押、出售、出借或以其他方式转让或使用任何数量的此类数字资产,以及所有随之而来的所有权,并且在任何所有权期限内。”

加密货币交易所将是监管机构在监管加密货币行业时首先控制的地方。在赞扬去中心化金融的去中心化方面的同时,这些交易所实际上是中心化的——充当加密市场的集中控制接入点。加密货币交易所的投资者不像传统金融那样拥有他们的“存款”权利,在传统金融中存款受到法律的特殊保护。传统金融还为存款人规定了一定程度的透明度,这是加密货币交易所不提供的。这种从投资者手中取消对加密货币的控制以及缺乏透明度的组合完全扭曲了区块链和去中心化金融的目的,让投资者想知道为什么他们首先选择去中心化金融而不是传统金融。下面进一步讨论一些可能实施的法规,如果明智地应用这些法规,不仅可以保护行业,而且可以发展它。

4. 三箭资本(加密对冲基金)

2022 年年中,三箭资本 (3 AC) 的倒闭令业内许多人感到意外。3 AC 是一家加密资产对冲基金,成立于 2012 年,从 2017 年开始投资加密资产。3 AC 的策略主要涉及加密衍生品,但投资组合还包括投资开发加密产品和技术的加密公司。3 AC 的资产管理规模在鼎盛时期膨胀到 100 亿美元。

3 AC 的衰落与其 Terra 风险敞口有关。3 AC 以 5 亿美元的价格购买了 1090 万枚 LUNA,然后将这些代币锁定并质押。随着 Terra 的倒闭,3 AC 的持有价值减少,其持有的 LUNA 份额现在仅值 670 美元。

3 AC 还持有 Grayscale 的比特币信托(“GBTC”)的很大一部分,自加密 ETF 兴起以来,该信托一直在折价交易。在 Terra 崩盘后,3 AC 专注于 GBTC 套利,希望如果 GBTC 被批准转换为 ETF,折价将会逆转。这并没有发生,随着 Terra 出售其比特币储备,比特币的价格下跌,进一步耗尽了 3 AC 的其他资产。3 AC 还利用其 GBTC 股票购买了稳定币,这又回到了对 Terra 的购买,所有这些都是为了偿还部分比特币贷款。3 AC 不再是 GBTC 持有者,它在未公开的时间出售了其权益——大概是亏本出售。

像 Celsius 一样,3 AC 也持有 stETH 中——随着 stETH 脱钩,3 AC 也损失了价值。除此之外,据报道,3 AC 是加密资产(尤其是比特币)的重要借款人,现在可能会在这些贷方的账簿上显示为坏账。Voyager Digital 就是其中之一,向 3 AC 提供了 6.6 亿美元的无抵押贷款。Voyager Digital 现在也已申请破产。

3 AC 是加密市场相互关联的一个典型例子,其中相对较小的冲击会对过度杠杆化、抵押不足的生态系统产生广泛影响。Terra 毕竟是众多交易所中的一个交易所和一个系统,它无法与众多系统隔离开来。不过,批评人士指出,3 AC 接触到尽可能多的贷方,其中许多贷方在日常业务过程中从零售消费者那里收取存款,从而使他们的债务最大化。这就是 3 AC 的投资决策如何不仅影响机构客户,也影响零售客户,过滤到向 3 AC 提供不良贷款的普通网络用户。

除了可疑的投资决定外,新加坡当局还谴责 3 AC 向贷方进行误导和虚假披露以获取更大的贷款——据称存在欺诈行为。

正如 Decrypt 报告的那样:

“在 6 月 26 日提交的一份宣誓书中,Blockchain.com 的首席战略官 Charles McGarraugh 还透露,3 AC 联合创始人 Kyle Davies 在 6 月 13 日告诉他,Davies 试图从 Genesis 再借 5,000 比特币,当时这些比特币的价值约为 1.25 亿美元,“向另一家贷方支付追加保证金。”这种行为在庞氏骗局中很常见,当早期投资者从新投资者那里获得资金时。

这凸显了加密资产贷款缺乏审慎监管的问题,该行业未能检查大型参与者为快速获得回报而承担的猖獗风险敞口。

5. 潜在的市场影响

当前使全球经济面临压力的宏观经济因素加剧了这些崩盘。加息、战争以及燃料和谷物的短缺都有助于提高消费者的预期——这推动了市场行为甚至跨越到加密资产中。

随着全球金融前景越来越暗淡,消费者正在寻求降低风险并寻求更安全的投资,包括更安全的加密投资和传统投资。这包括投资风险较低的加密产品,例如 ETH 而非 stETH。

如果消费者在加密货币中的存款没有任何安全保障,那么恐慌和交易所和质押池的“挤兑”就会更加严重——这正是 Celsius 和 Anchor 中发生的情况。监管机构对市场操纵越来越清楚,这表明需要在加密市场的主要机构角色之间实施制衡。监管的不确定性进一步增加了消费者的不良预期,并推动市场转向被认为更安全的投资。

加密市场是全球经济的一部分,因此也会根据普通消费者的感受而经历起伏。然而,话虽如此,行业的起伏周期可以通过监管干预来平缓,这样对系统的冲击就不会像最近所感受到的那样造成灾难性的影响。

6. 监管改革的需要

经济学家对为什么以及何时进行监管有相互竞争的理论。这些理论不仅可以很容易地应用于银行,还可以应用于为银行提供类似服务的加密货币交易所和机构——吸收存款、产生利息和放贷。这些理论通常会涉及与垄断、信息不对称和外部性有关的问题。

负外部性是第三方因经济交易而遭受的成本。在银行业,例子包括 (i) 对有偿付能力的银行的传染性挤兑;(ii) 因银行倒闭而导致的经济困境或崩溃;(iii) 政府提供的存款保险成本增加。

银行业的垄断者可能会给消费者带来不公平,大型企业可以在没有竞争对手挑战的情况下操纵市场。

信息不对称处理由于缺乏透明度而对消费者的剥削,导致消费者做出不利的决定。消费者对投资和风险的理解往往缺乏与银行相提并论的成熟度,因此他们需要保护。

最近的冲击影响加密市场的方式清楚地显示了上述所有三个问题的要素。在多个加密货币交易所和投资基金倒闭后,市场显然遭受了经济困境。少数大型参与者之间的市场集中表明可能存在链上和使用社交媒体的操纵(考虑破坏 Anchor 协议稳定的少数钱包)。市场的相互关联性也无法将破产的参与者彼此隔离开来。这些交易所和投资基金缺乏透明度——消费者实际上并不知道他们的资金在做什么,也不知道他们被告知了什么——显然是信息不对称的问题。

所有这些问题都为根据传统金融现有法规对行业进行一些监管提供了充分的理由,这样消费者既可以受到保护,也可以在遭受损失时获得补救。

6.1 传统金融中可用的补救措施

6.1.1. 中央银行保险

大萧条之后,世界各地的许多中央银行都采取了强制保险措施,迫使银行为最低金额的存款投保,确保在银行破产时消费者受到保护。

这为储户提供了安全保障,并在财务困难时期增强了对银行的信心,从而确保减少银行挤兑。即使在没有明确存款保险计划的国家,中央银行也可以根据具体情况行使酌情权来补偿在倒闭银行中损失存款的消费者。

存款保险的安全网是传统银行业务中消费者可以使用的一种补救措施,而储户无法进入加密货币交易所(如 Celsius)。

6.1.2. 审慎监管

在传统金融中,银行受到中央银行的权威和审慎监管——本质上是确保银行按照最佳实践运作。中央银行为从事风险行为的私人银行提供保险,并在这些行为达到顶峰并迫使私人银行关闭时使用纳税人的钱来支付是不负责任的。

强有力的监管制度既规定了收取消费者存款的规则,又监督了这些存款的使用方式,可确保更少的银行倒闭并提高对银行系统的信心。

世界各地的许多中央银行根据以下因素对私人银行进行监管:资本、资产质量、管理的稳健性、收益、流动性和对风险的敏感性(如果风险管理得当)。这同样可以应用于加密投资和交易所。

6.2. 消费者可获得的补救措施

在传统金融领域,当受到轻率(或非法)银行行为的损害时,大多数消费者将获得补救措施,即能够联系相关的审慎当局,或者至少使用总体立法作为框架。

目前,在大多数司法管辖区,消费者在交易所或投资工具申请破产的情况下将主要享有作为无担保债权人的权利。如上所述,这通常使他们排在一长串债权人的最后,而向他们支付的款项很少。

消费者还需要查看与交易所和投资公司的合同,以寻求弥补损失的方法。不幸的是,其中许多是广泛的,并且否认消费者可能遭受的广泛损失。目前,消费者应阅读适用于其投资的所有条款,除非他们能够承受这些条款所涵盖的最不利情况,否则不要进行投资。

当然,如果任何公司的交易中存在欺诈因素导致消费者的投资损失,那么这些消费者可能有民法上的补救措施并可以提起诉讼要求赔偿。然而,这是一个漫长而昂贵的过程,对于大多数消费者来说,不值得花费时间和成本。

与大多数行业一样,也存在安全风险。由于加密交易通常无管辖权和匿名性质,黑客很难追踪。这是监管机构在实施最低限度规定时需要牢记的一点,这可能会要求交易所对消费者钱包的损失承担责任。

7. 待定法规

全球大多数司法管辖区都计划监管加密货币。有些地方想宣布它是一种商品,有些想宣布它是法定货币,有些想宣布它是一种金融产品。

在欧盟,目前反洗钱指令要求加密资产服务提供商获得提供这些服务的许可证。这与提供金融服务所需的许可证不同,也没有相同的报告标准。加密资产市场 (MiCA) 法案正在欧洲议会通过,预计将于 2024 年通过——它使加密资产服务提供商更符合金融行业的要求。

MiCA 有以下目标:

为现有欧盟金融服务立法未涵盖的加密资产提供法律确定性,目前显然需要这样做;

在欧盟层面为加密资产服务提供商和发行人建立统一规则;

替换现有欧盟金融服务立法未涵盖的适用于加密资产的现有国家框架;和

为所谓的“稳定币”制定具体规则,包括何时为电子货币。

已根据金融工具市场指令 (MiFID) 和电子货币指令 (EMD) 定义为金融工具或电子货币(电子货币)的加密资产不在 MiCA 的范围内。MiCA 旨在协调监管并“抓住”那些不属于现有立法的加密资产活动。

该法案尤其对加密资产服务提供商提出了许可要求,并对稳定币提出了准备金要求。MiCA 并没有处理广泛的加密世界的所有方面,但它确实处理了市场上一些更大的问题——特别是解决加密交易所提供的服务和征收消费者保护义务。

在全球范围内,加密货币行业将受益于对加密货币资产的监管,这些监管既对行业施加了审慎标准(强制门槛和报告安全实践),又为消费者提供了一个明确的途径来行使他们的权利,并有一个明确的监管机构寻求保护免受。这些法规将阻止过度暴露于风险资产,并鼓励市场对该行业的信心。

8. 结论

最近加密市场的下滑表明了系统的缺陷,以及监管不负责任的行为者和保护消费者的必要性。Terra 的崩盘并不是孤立的,它是暴露几个加密对冲基金和交易所过度杠杆化投资组合的转折点。Celsius 是这些交易所之一,不仅过度暴露于 Terra,而且是推动 Anchor Protocol 运行的主要参与者之一。持有 stETH 敞口是另一种导致脱锚的原因,加剧了 Celsius 的损失。3 AC 或许是整个行业中最能说明问题的案例之一。作为交易所账簿上的主要借款人和随后的坏账,3 AC 的过度杠杆头寸使其进入自愿清算。在所有这些动荡中,这些基金和交易所的高管们的行为基本上都是用别人的钱赌博,自己几乎没有受到任何影响。

加密市场中的参与者可能是私人企业,例如对冲基金,但仍然影响着暴露于大部分市场资源的一般市场。正如我们最近看到的那样,对所有可能破坏市场稳定的行为者实施监管将为消费者提供急需的保护,并有助于长期市场稳定。

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Sustainable Tax Structure The project's tax model is specifically designed to encourage sustainable growth, balancing the need for ongoing project development with the goal of enhancing token value. This innovative tax structure serves the dual purpose of supporting the community's interests while maintaining a healthy ecosystem for the project. Timeline of Luna28 A well-charted timeline helps in understanding the progression and milestones of Luna28. Here’s a synopsis of important events in the project’s history: Stealth Launch: The project entered the crypto arena under a stealth launch, garnering significant community interest and posting a remarkable 1792% increase from its initial listing. This initial surge indicated strong community reception and a solid foundation for future growth. Token Burns: Committing to its unique approach, Luna28 plans to burn 28% of its token supply over a three-year period, timed specifically during lunar and solar eclipses. Community members eagerly await their opportunities to participate in these events. Community Involvement: Emphasizing transparency and the importance of community feedback, Luna28 plans to notify its users in advance about upcoming token burn events. This engagement approach encourages active participation, fostering a strong sense of community. Key Features Luna28's distinctive features bolster its appeal within the cryptocurrency sector: Hyper Deflationary Nature: The project's focus on hyper deflationary mechanics enables a strategic reduction in supply, aiming for enhanced value retention. Incentives for Early Engagement: The project rewards early participants with direct benefits, which cultivates a proactive community eager to contribute. Commitment to Community Development: The sustainable tax model not only ensures the project's growth but also actively involves the community in shaping its future direction. Conclusion Luna28 represents a unique fusion of technology, community engagement, and celestial inspiration in the cryptocurrency landscape. By integrating innovative mechanisms such as token burns during astrological events and creating engaging lunar-themed NFTs, the project distinguishes itself as a trailblazer within its niche. As a community-driven endeavor, Luna28 promises to deliver not just another cryptocurrency but an experience that marries elements of cosmic fascination with blockchain technology. With its innovative features and strong emphasis on community involvement, Luna28 has the potential to create a lasting impact in the world of digital currencies. The connection it forges between its users and the universe represents not only a creative endeavor but also a brilliantly calculated business strategy poised for growth. As we observe the evolution of Luna28, it is evident that it is more than just a token; it is a concept that encourages its community to look up at the cosmos and ponder their place within it, all while navigating the exciting world of cryptocurrency. The future for Luna28 looks bright and full of potential, eagerly awaiting its next lunar cycle.

825 Total ViewsPublished 2024.04.01Updated 2024.12.03

What is $LUNA

What is TERRA

Exploring the Terra Ecosystem: A Comprehensive Overview Introduction In the ever-evolving landscape of blockchain technology and cryptocurrency, the Terra Ecosystem has emerged as an ambitious project designed to facilitate a decentralized financial system. This innovative platform focuses on creating stable and scalable algorithmic stablecoins, aimed at driving the widespread adoption of cryptocurrencies. In this article, we will delve into the foundational aspects of the Terra Ecosystem, exploring its operational mechanisms, its creators, investors, notable components, and the timeline of its development. What is the Terra Ecosystem? Founded in 2018, the Terra Ecosystem is a layer-one blockchain designed to provide an efficient and reliable payment platform. The core mission of Terra is to create a preferred form of money that is not only decentralized but also practical for everyday use. At the heart of the ecosystem is its native algorithmic stablecoin, TerraUSD (UST), which is pegged to the US dollar using an innovative algorithmic mechanism. This unique approach addresses a common concern in the cryptocurrency space: the volatility that often accompanies digital assets. The Terra Ecosystem aims to enhance the usability of cryptocurrencies by creating an environment where digital currencies function similarly to traditional currencies. By being user-friendly and stable, Terra sets out to attract users outside of the crypto community, ultimately fostering mass adoption. The Creators of the Terra Ecosystem The Terra Ecosystem emerged under the guidance of its co-founders Daniel Shin and Do Kwon. Both individuals, with a wealth of experience in entrepreneurship and technology, launched Terraform Labs to spearhead this groundbreaking project. Daniel Shin, a prominent figure in the South Korean tech landscape, has co-founded multiple tech companies, while Do Kwon has an extensive background in computer science and engineering. Their partnership is pivotal in steering the development and growth trajectory of the Terra Ecosystem. Investors in the Terra Ecosystem While detailed information about specific investors remains limited, it is widely acknowledged that Terraform Labs has garnered substantial financial support from a variety of angel investors and venture capital firms. This backing provides the necessary resources for the ongoing development and expansion of the Terra Ecosystem. The emphasis on acquiring diversified investment sources reflects the strong belief in the project's potential within the cryptocurrency community. How Does the Terra Ecosystem Work? At the core of the Terra Ecosystem's functionality lies its innovative proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus mechanism. This allows holders of the LUNA token, the native currency of the ecosystem, to participate in the governance and operation of the network. The dual-token structure differentiates Terra from many other projects, with LUNA serving both as a stake for validators and as a governance token. The mechanism operates in a distinctive way, whereby the supply of LUNA backs the stablecoin UST. If the demand for UST increases, the algorithm automatically adjusts the supply of LUNA to maintain the stability of UST at its dollar peg. Users are enabled to exchange 1 UST for an equivalent value in LUNA, ensuring that fluctuations in demand do not affect the peg. This innovative approach enables the Terra Ecosystem to maintain price stability, one of its primary goals. Timeline of the Terra Ecosystem The development journey of the Terra Ecosystem has been marked by significant milestones: 2018: Establishment of Terraform Labs by Daniel Shin and Do Kwon, laying the groundwork for the Terra Ecosystem. April 2019: The initial release of the Terra blockchain, initiating its journey into the broader cryptocurrency landscape. 2021: Terra experiences remarkable growth as its total value locked (TVL) reaches new heights, positioning it as a dominant player in decentralized finance (DeFi). May 2022: A turbulent period arises as the Terra blockchain is temporarily halted following the collapse of UST and LUNA, leading to a significant impact on market perception and capitalization. January 2024: Terraform Labs files for bankruptcy, marking another critical event in the project's history, sparking discussions on the sustainability and future of the ecosystem. Key Components of the Terra Ecosystem A variety of features contribute to the unique functionality of the Terra Ecosystem: Core Functionality The Terra Ecosystem includes essential functionalities such as managing transaction fees, monitoring price fluctuations, and maintaining historical balances of transactions, all of which are crucial for ensuring user experience and operational integrity. Applications One of the flagship features of the Terra Ecosystem is its diverse array of applications. This includes: Anchor Protocol: A money market protocol that provides high stablecoin yields and tokenized stakes for users seeking to maximize returns on their investments. Mirroring Technology: Enabling users to create assets that mirror real-world assets and trades, allowing for broader use cases and applications. Chai: A payment platform designed to facilitate everyday transactions using Terra's stablecoin technology. Swaps and Exchanges The ecosystem provides functionality for seamless asset exchanges. Notable features include native swapping capabilities and platforms such as Terraswap, allowing users to exchange Terra assets efficiently while benefiting from competitive rates. Governance Governance plays a critical role in the decentralized nature of the Terra Ecosystem. Token holders use their LUNA tokens to propose changes or vote on proposals that affect the network, ensuring collective decision-making and community involvement in the ecosystem's evolution. Notable Projects in the Terra Ecosystem Beyond the core functionalities, the Terra Ecosystem is also home to notable projects that further augment its capabilities: Terraswap: This decentralized exchange (DEX) emerged to facilitate easy swapping of Terra assets, thus promoting a vibrant trading environment within the ecosystem. Astroport: Another DEX known for its high total value locked, Astroport enhances trading opportunities and liquidity provision for users. Loop Markets: This integrated exchange hub offers users a range of trading tools and services, significantly contributing to the user experience across the Terra platform. Conclusion The Terra Ecosystem stands as a significant player within the blockchain and cryptocurrency domains, aiming to create a stable and scalable financial platform designed for widespread cryptocurrency adoption. Although the ecosystem faced dramatic challenges, notably the collapse of its stablecoin UST and the LUNA token, it continues to adapt and evolve in the face of adversity. As the project navigates its future, it remains committed to its foundational vision of building practical products accessible to a broader audience, thereby reinforcing the potential of decentralized finance. The Terra Ecosystem, with its robust features and innovative approach, holds promise as it seeks to redefine the landscape of digital currency use, remaining a focal point for enthusiasts and investors alike in the ongoing evolution of blockchain technology.

1.3k Total ViewsPublished 2024.12.17Updated 2024.12.17

What is TERRA

Discussions

Welcome to the HTX Community. Here, you can stay informed about the latest platform developments and gain access to professional market insights. Users' opinions on the price of LUNA (LUNA) are presented below.

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