比特币挖矿“废热”如何重新利用

吴说区块链Published on 2022-10-24Last updated on 2022-10-24

Abstract

供热领域是全球最大的能源终端消费领域。

供热领域是全球最大的能源终端消费领域。幸运的是,比特币挖矿会产生热量,并且我们可以将其重新用于为房屋供热或食品生产。本文阐述了比特币挖矿热回收是如何降低供热成本并减少排放的。

图片Source: Arcane Research

本文节选自我们题为《比特币挖矿如何改变能源行业》的研究报告。该研究报告列出了比特币矿工的五个特征,这些特征使他们成为独一无二的灵活的能源消费者,并阐述了比特币矿工可以帮助解决的四个能源问题。本文解释了其中一个问题:比特币挖矿如何降低供热成本,并减少供热排放。让我们开始吧。

供热领域是全球最大的能源终端消费领域

为住宅、工业和其他应用供热是世界上最大的能源终端用途,占 2021 年全球能源终端消费的近一半。

工业生产过程占供热能耗的 51%,另外 46% 的能耗用于加热建筑物中的空间及水,其次用于烹饪。剩余的用于农业,主要是温室供暖。

不出所料,占了世界能源使用的一半的供热领域,是最大的全球二氧化碳排放来源。供热领域约占世界二氧化碳排放量的 40%,占二氧化碳当量排放量的 30%。

图片Source: Climate Watch

化石燃料是最常见的供热能源,约占能源结构的四分之三。剩下的四分之一基本平均分配在传统生物质能和现代可再生能源之间。

图片Source: IEA

比特币挖矿产生大量热量

你想知道所有进入比特币矿机的电力会发生什么吗?电力通过算力板产生算力,矿工将算力出售给矿池,而矿池最后再向矿工结算比特币。矿机不仅会产生比特币,而且当电流经过算力板时,还会产生大量的热量。

图片Source: Arcane Research

比特币矿业每年产生约 100 TWh 的热量,足以为芬兰供暖。然而比特币挖矿产生的大部分热量没有被捕获并重新利用,而是从数据中心排出到大气中。

比特币矿工可以将其废热重新用于区域供热或食品生产

比特币矿工正在发掘回收热量的潜力。随着行业竞争日益激烈,用热量回收来降低成本,或者减少碳排放的可能性吸引了日益增长的关注。大多数创新都自然而然地发生在加拿大和斯堪的纳维亚半岛等较寒冷的地区,此处的热能比那些炎热的比特币挖矿中心,如德克萨斯州等更有价值。

处理热量是矿业面临的最大的工程挑战,这也是为什么行业的第一批挖矿设施在寒冷环境中建造而成。矿工可以利用两种不同的技术来冷却机器。最常见的是风冷。浸入式冷却则是一种新方法,即将机器完全浸没在具有比空气更优越的绝缘性能的导热液体中。与传统的风冷系统相比,构建浸入式冷却系统要昂贵得多,但它也提供了卓越的冷却能力。

理想情况下,在重新利用热量时,矿工应使用浸入式冷却,因为流体携带热量的效率更高,并且比空气更容易引导。使用风冷仍可以重新利用比特币采矿的热量,只是它的效率远低于浸入式冷却,使用浸入式冷可以回收 96% 的热量。

另一个需要注意的因素是,尽管可以运行高达 80॰C 的机器,比特币矿机产生的温度在 40॰C 到 50॰C 之间。这种资源被认为是低品位余热,不能用于某些需要更高温度的领域。尽管如此,产生低品位余热的比特币矿机可以为许多地方提供基本负荷水平的供热,包括区域供热和食品生产。现在,我们将介绍一些案例。

区域供热

加拿大 Mintgreen 公司是重新利用比特币挖矿废热的先驱。这一领先地位让他们能够与北温哥华市合作,为 100 栋建筑和 7,000 套公寓提供暖气。该合作涉及一项为期 12 年的热力购买协议,市级区域供热公司 Lonsdale Energy Corp. 购买了由 Mintgreen 专有的数字锅炉®产生的基载热量,并且这些锅炉®由可再生能源提供动力。数字锅炉®包含了使用浸入式冷却的比特币矿机。锅炉泵将非导电冷却液运输到热交换器,再由热交换器直接将热量传递到 Lonsdale Energy Corp. 的区域供热系统。

食品生产

许多食品生产过程需要比特币矿机提供的基本负荷水平的低品位余热。2020 年,Mintgreen 开始与 Shelter Point 酿酒厂合作,为他们的威士忌生产提供比特币矿机产生的热量。威士忌生产商在橡木桶陈酿过程中需要热能。Mintgreen 设计了一种由比特币矿机驱动的威士忌陈酿机,使酿酒厂能够在没有额外热量的情况下更快地陈酿威士忌。

斯堪的纳维亚半岛的某些矿工要么正在积极利用多余的热量,要么正计划着这么做。Genesis Mining 正在参与瑞典北部的一个研究项目,该项目正在研究将比特币挖矿产生的废热重新用于在温室中种植水果和蔬菜的前景。他们通过将机器中的热空气用管道输送到温室中来实现这一目标。该项目发现,一个相对较小的 600 千瓦的矿机集装箱能够为 300 平方米的温室提供足够的热量,即使在温度低至 -30॰C 的冬季也是如此。

挪威的大多数矿工正在计划如何将比特币挖矿的废热重新用于食品生产,包括向温室、藻类养殖者和鲑鱼养殖者供热。由于能源消耗,挪威矿工目前面临着巨大的政治压力,重新利用其运营中多余的热量是表明挖矿能提供环境效益的一种方式。出于这些政治动机,在未来几年内我们可能会在挪威看到大规模的比特币挖矿供热的创新行为。

重新利用比特币挖矿产生的废热可降低供热成本并减少碳排放

重新利用比特币挖矿的热量有三个主要优势。首先,比特币挖矿收入可以补贴用于供热的电力成本。Mintgreen 可以在区域供热市场上竞争,并用出售热能获得的收入将其电价降低至比特币矿业中的最低水平。同时,比特币挖矿竞争力的提高进一步降低了风险,因此他们可以签订长达十年的热力购买协议。

供热成本的降低也使得北部地区的粮食产量增加,这些地区曾经被认为过于寒冷,无法进行大规模粮食生产。瑞典 RISE 的高级研究员 Mattias Vesterlund 曾与 Genesis Mining 合作进行温室项目,他说:“一个 1 MW 的数据中心能用有市场竞争力的产品将本地的自给自足能力提高 8%”。1 MW 的比特币挖矿设施相对较小,所以我们只能想象一个 100 兆瓦的数据中心可以做什么。

除了降低供热成本外,如果机器由可再生能源供电,那么使用比特币挖矿进行区域供热还可以减少碳排放。Mintgreen 首席执行官科林·沙利文 (Colin Sullivan) 估计,该公司在 12 年的区域供热合作期内将减少 20,000 吨碳排放。二氧化碳的减排来自更换掉城市区域供热系统所使用的天然气锅炉。

第三,重新利用比特币挖矿的热量在本质上是利用相同的能量两次。它的竞争力超过了那些没有再次利用热量的矿工,因为在这一过程中,比特币矿业使用的能量得到了补偿。

图片Source: Mintgreen

Mintgreen 估计,他们的比特币挖矿区域供热系统每年每兆瓦可减少 3,100 吨二氧化碳。其中,1,300 吨来自对比特币矿业每兆瓦能耗的碳抵消,1,800 吨来自每兆瓦天然气供热的减少。

除了降低供热成本和减少碳排放外,重新利用挖矿产生的多余热量还会影响比特币矿业的地理分布。目前,比特币挖矿业务集中在电力充裕且价格低廉的地区。由于供热成本与电价息息相关,因此重新利用其热量的矿机可以在过去被认为是高电价而不适合比特币挖矿的地方运行。

与其他能源密集型行业相比,两个主要特性使比特币挖矿在热回收方面表现出色。首先,比特币挖矿的位置不可知论意味着比特币矿机可以在任何需要热量的地方运行。其次,比特币挖矿是一个模块化的过程,可以定制化提供客户所需热量。比特币挖矿的这些特征让诸如 Mintgreen 这样的公司能够制造由比特币矿机驱动的加热器,用比特币挖矿的收入来补贴他们的供热成本。

我们可能会继续看到在重新利用比特币挖矿供热方面的巨大创新。飙升的电价和供热成本将推动比特币矿工和供热消费者寻求创造性的解决方案来降低成本。

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