数藏开二级,如何避免非法经营风险?

肖飒lawyerPublished on 2022-10-19Last updated on 2022-10-19

Abstract

NFT(Non-Fungible Token),非同质化通证,是一项区块链技术创新应用,近年来市场交易十分火热。

NFT(Non-Fungible Token),非同质化通证,是一项区块链技术创新应用,近年来市场交易十分火热。在投资交易之余,有些读者跑来问飒姐团队,在元宇宙中卖NFT,如何防范非法经营风险?飒姐听到这些问题甚感欣慰,说明我们的读者已经很有法律风险意识。今天飒姐团队就来跟大家具体聊一聊。

一、何为“非法经营罪”?

首先还是从罪名入手,非法经营罪是破坏社会主义市场经济罪项下的罪名,其由来于1979年刑法规定的投机倒把罪。刑法修订后,将投机倒把罪中的规定行为类型进行了限缩,另设为非法经营罪。知道这段法条历史沿革对于我们理解该罪的核心有着重要意义,该法条所要保护的是国家专营专卖制度,以及相关行政法规所涵盖的买卖管理规定,其核心是对于某种特定的市场秩序的保障。

从法条本身来看,非法经营罪包含了四种类型。根据中华人民共和国刑法第二百二十五条,违反国家规定,有下列非法经营行为之一,扰乱市场秩序,情节严重的,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处或者单处违法所得一倍以上五倍以下罚金;情节特别严重的,处五年以上有期徒刑,并处违法所得一倍以上五倍以下罚金或者没收财产:(一)未经许可经营法律、行政法规规定的专营、专卖物品或者其他限制买卖的物品的;(二)买卖进出口许可证、进出口原产地证明以及其他法律、行政法规规定的经营许可证或者批准文件的;(三)未经国家有关主管部门批准非法经营证券、期货、保险业务的,或者非法从事资金支付结算业务的;(四)其他严重扰乱市场秩序的非法经营行为。

二、企业如何有效防范“非法经营罪”?

首先第一条,其核心是保护国家专营专卖制度,从司法解释来看,这里的专营专卖物品指的是食盐,烟草经营业务。除此之外,其他限制买卖的物品有危险废物,药品等,从定义来NFT都不属于这一款所提到的任何专营专卖限制买卖的范畴。同样的,明显也不属于第二款所提到的许可证类型。

核心争议点在于第三条,NFT二级市场是否属于第三条的证券期货资金结算相关业务。我们不妨先来看看NFT的定性是怎么样的。NFT作为一个新兴事物,法律并没有对其明确的规定。但是从2022年4月份三协会倡议,《中国互联网金融协会、中国银行业协会、中国证券业协会关于防范NFT相关金融风险的倡议》专门对NFT进行了论述。该倡议虽然并没有直接对NFT进行是什么的定性,但是却从其表述中却可以推出NFT不是什么。其中提到要“坚决遏制NFT金融化证券化倾向,从严防范非法金融活动风险”,“不在NFT底层商品中包含证券、保险、信贷、贵金属等金融资产,变相发行交易金融产品”。从逻辑上来说,防止NFT金融化证券化,不在NFT中包含证券,换句话来就是正常的NFT本身非金融化,不是证券。如果读者只是正常的在二级市场中通过普通货币将NFT作为作品进行交易,非法经营罪的风险较小。

但是,飒姐也在2021年答某日报提问中提到过,打击非法经营罪,保护的是市场经济秩序。由此可见,判断是否构成非法经营罪,重要前提是有没有违反相应的经济管理法规。一些以分割所有权或者批量创设等方式削弱NFT非同质化特征,变相开展代币发行融资(ICO)、造成客户重大损失、引起严重后果的行为,不能排除按照刑法第225条第4项“其他严重扰乱市场秩序的非法经营行为”报到最高法院,最终以“个案批复”的形式确定该行为构成犯罪的可能。

三、企业必须警惕的其他犯罪

除了非法经营外,在元宇宙中卖NFT,也应警惕不要掉入诈骗罪的漩涡。从《刑法》原文来看,诈骗罪规定的很简单——诈骗公私财物,数额较大的。这样一看许多读者可能认为诈骗罪离自己很远,殊不知,NFT一些二手交易市场中自买自卖炒高价格的“洗售交易”行为可能涉嫌刑事诈骗。

“洗售交易”原本是证券、期货交易领域的名词,指行为人通过自己实际控制的账户进行自买自卖的行为,行为人常通过自买自卖来制造股票、期货交易非常活跃的假象,从而误导投资者争相买入,以此拉高证券产品的价格。在NFT二级交易市场上也有相似的场景,NFT的价格往往取决于这个NFT的“受欢迎程度”,也即到底有多少潜在的买家,潜在买家越多,这个NFT的价格也就可以卖的越高。出售者为了表现出所卖NFT受欢迎的情景,会采用自买自卖的方式不断进行自我交易,以提高NFT的价格。这其实是一种对于NFT情况的事实虚构。

欺诈有两种典型的行为模式,其一即虚构事实、其二即隐瞒真相。以NFT为对象的洗售交易,卖家通过自买自卖来制造NFT市场活跃、NFT能够大幅度升值的假象,这属于典型的虚构事实。倘若通过洗售使得该NFT的价格严重背离其原本价格,那么这种虚构事实的行为就已经不是为法律所容许的、商品交易中存在的欺骗行为,而是民事欺诈。消费者可以主张相应的民事救济,救济方式包括但不限于主张《民法典》第一百四十八条所规定的撤销权。即一方以欺诈手段,使对方在违背真实意思的情况下实施的民事法律行为,受欺诈方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以撤销。

在民事欺诈的基础上,倘若卖方随时预备“卷款跑路”,致使买方在购买NFT后失去了民事救济的可能,那么此时卖方的洗售交易行为便是典型的刑事诈骗行为,涉嫌构成诈骗罪。

写在最后

除此之外,在元宇宙中卖NFT,还存在一些常见的法律风险,诸如赌博,非法集资等,在这里飒姐团队也要提醒各位读者,常在河边走,刑法拿在手。在经营具有金融属性的新兴科技企业的过程中,企业实控人必须时刻警惕刑事风险,防止出现难以承受的严重后果。

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