从 YugaLabs 被调查说起,什么样的NFT会被认为是证券?

PanewsPublished on 2022-10-13Last updated on 2022-10-13

Abstract

NFT已经在SEC的监控雷达之上,在业内人士看来,这对 NFT 生态系统的一次打击,特别是美国的 NFT 项目。

NFT已经在SEC的监控雷达之上,在业内人士看来,这对 NFT 生态系统的一次打击,特别是美国的 NFT 项目。

尽管大多数人NFT例如加密艺术并非证券。然而在美国证券交易委员会(SEC)眼中,认为“大多数代币”一般都是证券,并在相应地更仔细地研究NFT。

据彭博社报道,SEC正在调查Bored Ape Yacht Club品牌背后的团队Yuga Labs是否通过分销其NFT和ApeCoin违反了联邦证券法。尽管,最终SEC可能不会起诉Yuga Labs,但他们正在发送一个信号——我们已经盯上了NFT生态系统。在业内人士看来,这对 NFT 生态系统的一次打击,特别是对于美国的 NFT 项目。

美国证券交易委员会调查 Yuga Labs

SEC一直盯着加密经济,上周,他们对社交名媛和真人秀明星金·卡戴珊处以超过 100 万美元的罚款,原因是他涉嫌兜售一种加密货币,而没有适当地披露她为此获得了报酬。本周,他们又把目光转向了NFT生态最大的发行商YugaLabs,认为他们发布的部分NFT和退出的APE Coin涉嫌违反证券法。

SEC 主席 Gary Gensler 认为大多数 ERC20 代币都是证券,所以在这一点上,他将注意力转向 $APE 也就不足为奇了。

Yuga Labs出具了一份非常标准的回应申明,态度良好的表示,自己作为该领域的领导者会全力配合任何询问。当然他们也指出,Yuga并非是APECoin的发行方。早在APE发行时,他们就做了一些风险隔离,Ape 基金会的董事会由著名的 Web3 人士组成,其中包括 Reddit 联合创始人 Alexis Ohanian、FTX Ventures 负责人 Amy Wu 以及 Animoca Brands 联合创始人兼执行主席 Yat Siu。

在美国,SEC 对公开证券销售进行监管,如果一个工具通过了Howey 测试(1. 有金钱投资,2. 投资在普通企业,3. 有利润预期, 4. 预期利润来自第三方的工作),然后其发行人必须在 SEC 注册并定期发布有关其财务活动的披露报告。

而Yuga Labs 的几个NFT系列Bored Ape Yacht Club, Bored Ape Kennel Club, and the Mutant Ape Yacht Club,都不满足通过 Howey 测试的条件,所以通常来讲不能认为它们是证券。

但对于Yuga Labs 来讲,ApeCoin的发行和所推出的元宇宙Otherside进行的Otherdeeds销售,或导致YugaLabs在证券方面的辩驳更困难。

Yuga Labs 似乎最脆弱的地方在于其 Otherdeeds 销售,该销售在 2022 年 4 月筹集了价值约 3 亿美元的 APE。那是因为销售似乎已经通过了 Howey 测试的所有四个方面。值得一提的是,一个自称为证券律师的推特用户@cryptonesy早在 5 月就进行了预判,他称Otherdeeds的销售很可能是一次未注册的证券发行。

争论的症结在哪儿呢?The Otherside 尚未完成,因此对Otherdeeds 投资利润的预期似乎直接源于第三方的持续努力,即Yuga Labs 及其合作伙伴建设者。

迄今为止,SEC拒绝对 Yuga Labs 的调查发表评论,且目前尚未指控 BAYC 的创作者有任何不当行为。即使 SEC 最终决定起诉,Yuga Labs 也将能够在法庭上为自己辩护。至于接下来会发生什么,现在只有时间会证明一切。

什么样的NFT会被认定为证券?

在Yuga被调查前,很多NFT的发行方并没有考虑到监管的问题,这一变化让NFT玩家们不得不将“符合监管规定”纳入工作范围。那么,究竟什么样的NFT才不会被认为是证券呢?律师Grant Griffith曾经在7月份的撰文中给到了参考性的答案。

SEC认为什么是证券?

美国证券交易委员会于1933年《证券法》第2(a)(1)条正式定义了“证券”。定义非常宽泛,包括股票、债券和其他形式的利润分享协议。它还包括“投资合同”,就我们而言,这是NFT和其他数字资产的潜在收益。

为了判断什么样的投资属于证券,美国法院参考豪威测试,我们在上文中也提到了豪威测试的4个条件,1. 有金钱投资,2. 投资在普通企业,3. 有利润预期,4. 预期利润来自第三方的工作。

确定NFT是否是证券需基于特定于事实,需要分析每个项目的特点。例如,Beeple出售的NFT,与街头独立艺术家出售的实体画没有什么不同。以数字或实物形式出售纯艺术品都不是担保,因为买方和卖方之间的关系在销售后结束。然而,当查看各种充满路线图和承诺的NFT项目时,事情变得非常混乱。随着NFT行业的发展,投资新项目的人的期望也越来越高。这种演变令人兴奋,但也带来了风险。

每个在美国出售证券的人都必须向SEC注册其发行,或申请免于注册。《证券法》第4(a)(2)条免除了不涉及公开募股的证券(即私人发行豁免)的注册销售。该执行法规即RegD,它为发行人提供了各种安全港。遵守任何这些安全港的发行人被视为没有公开募股,因此免于向美国证券交易委员会注册。但要想满足安全港的规定也并非易事,比如你需要满足合格投资人规定,或者购买后的一段时间内不能转售。很明显,绝大部分的NFT项目并不能满足这样的条件。

实际上,一些NFT项目,正在越界的边缘游走。比如Moonbirds,其铸造产生的5800万美元收入被认为是PROOF公司的收入,用于开发更多的产品,以使得Moonbirds成为全球顶级的PFP NFT,并且持续为社区带来价值。他们还推出了“筑巢”计划,即质押NFT以获得奖励。Moonbirds预计也将在PROOF即将推出的名为Highrise的元宇宙中发挥关键作用,该元宇宙仍在开发中。

从严格的豪威测试的角度来看,Moonbirds的确属于证券的定义。

有投资吗?是的。从Moonbirds铸造筹集了近6000万美元。

有共同的企业吗?可能吧。数千名投资者参与了铸造,该项目的成功取决于其创始人的行动。

是否有期望利润将来自他人的努力?这是分析数字资产是否应该被视为Howey下证券的主要因素。根据FinHub的指导,当发起人或其他第三方提供影响企业成功的基本管理努力,并且投资者合理地期望从这些努力中获利时,就满足这一条件。看到其创始人Kevin Rose对该项目的愿景并看到它是如何构建各种新产品后,很难在这里争辩说不。Kevin Rose明确表示,从铸造筹集的资金将用于创造产品,并为Moonbirds社区带来价值。该项目的未来方向显然掌握在创始人手中,投资者已被承诺价值作为回报。这种关系危险地接近于满足测试的最后一点。

尽管这是个粗浅的分析,但是在进行监管风险评估时,的确是危险信号满满。

在来看另一个案例,似乎让人放心很多。哥布林goblintown.wtf,免费铸造,没有承诺路线图,没有官方discord,这样的野生N无产品,似乎在监管测试下更加安全。

目前,NFT已经在SEC的监控雷达之上,只能根据联邦法律进行推断,哪些NFT项目的风险更高,所以NFT的项目方也需要注意这些监管风险,或者将美国的用户隔离在外。

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