为什么我认为ETH市值无法超越BTC?

DeFi之道Published on 2022-10-12Last updated on 2022-10-12

Abstract

放在几个月前,我会简单地认为,在未来的几年内,只要以太坊能够实现扩容,并且各种应用能够实现大规模扩展

无聊的行情背景下,KOL Pentoshi 抛出了一个老生常谈的话题:

「下一个牛市,ETH 市值会超过 BTC 吗?」

放在几个月前,我会简单地认为,在未来的几年内,只要以太坊能够实现扩容,并且各种应用能够实现大规模扩展,那 ETH 的市值就有很大的概率能够超过 BTC ,而这可能也是很多 eth maxis 的观点,毕竟比特币网络的用途十分有限,而以太坊网络则有更多的可能性(尽管它的抗审查性不如大饼)。

当然,btc maxis 不会这么认为,他们认为所有的非比特币网络,实际上都是比特币网络的 L2,从而得出结论称 「ETH 的市值无法超过 BTC」。

但在我看来,btc maxis 的这一说法是缺乏说服力的,原因在于目前绝大多数的 BTC 跨链桥都属于中心化、需要信任的,而通过这种方式将 BTC 连接到其他区块链网络,并不能给 BTC 本身带来多少价值。相反,这样做最大的受益方只是资产跨链的目的地,例如 WBTC 铸造的越多,其给以太坊网络带来的价值就越多,而在以太坊网络上发生的 WBTC 资产转移,与比特币网络本身是没有任何联系的。

而在这个国庆假期期间,我看到 Osmosis 联创 Sunny Aggarwal 发了这样一条推文:

「Cosmos 会拯救比特币。」

好家伙,比特币会沦落到需要市值靠后的 Cosmos 拯救?乍一看,这就像是一条充满「海克斯科技」味道的营销推文,但考虑到 Sunny Aggarwal 实际上是一名 btc maxis,我又重新捋了捋自己的思路,然后将最近比较流行的应用链理论、模块化叙事、PoW vs PoS 等学习内容混合在了一起。

先说下自己的初步结论: ETH 市值很大可能将无法超越 BTC 。

理由一:根据应用链理论,未来会有更多的热门 Crypto 应用会选择做应用链

最近,很多投资机构都发表了有关应用链的理论文章,比如 1kx 、 Volt Capital‌ 、Nascent‌ 以及 Foresight Ventures‌ ,这些文章的核心观点基本上大致相同,即随着跨链等基础设施变得成熟,更好的主权、代币价值捕获以及更好的用户体验因素,会促使 Crypto 应用迁移到自己的应用链(无论是类似 Cosmos zone 这样的主权链,还是类似基于 StarkEx 构建的 Sorare 等 rollup 应用链)。

简单来说,未来的公链格局会是多链的,而不是一条链承载所有的应用,类似 dydx 从以太坊生态转向 Cosmos 生态的案例,在未来还可能会继续发生。而除了 Cosmos 生态之外,Solana、Sui、Aptos 等单体链生态也将和以太坊生态形成直接的竞争。

仅根据 Qiao Wang 提供的当前活跃生态开发者数据来看,以太坊生态大约占到了整个 Crypto 市场的 50% 左右,但我认为,未来这个占有比例有可能会逐渐变小。

理由二:根据模块化叙事,以太坊 L1 共识层 / 数据可用性层 / 结算层也将面临众多竞争

假设应用链理论成立,未来将会出现大量的执行层(每个应用链就是一个执行层),而执行层将是与用户最紧密相关的区块链层,因而它们将捕获用户所带来价值的绝大部分,剩余的价值部分将流向数据可用性(DA)层、共识层以及结算层,而这正是以太坊 L1 将会扮演的角色。

这就是模块化叙事涉及到的东西,而以太坊 L1 并不是市场上唯一的存在,像 Celestia 这样的模块化公链,也会陆陆续续出现,它们将与以太坊的 L1 形成竞争,当然,从目前来看,拥有 eip 4844 以及完整 danksharding 方案的以太坊仍然具备了很大的优势。

理由三:根据 PoW 和 PoS 可互补理论,比特币将成为 Cosmos 等 PoS 链生态的 L1

以往,我们总在争论 PoW 和 PoS 孰优孰劣的问题,例如采用 PoS 共识算法的公链会面临长程攻击( long range attack )的威胁,像以太坊、Cosmos 等 PoS 公链都采用了弱主观性(Weak Subjectivity)方法来缓解这一问题,而这导致了较长的质押解除期,Vitalik 甚至还讨论了可能要通过社会恢复来解决潜在的攻击问题。

而采用工作量证明(PoW)机制的比特币并不存在这一问题,这使得该网络是抗审查的。

那能否将比特币网络和 PoS 网络联系在一起,以解决 PoS 链的安全隐患,同时增加比特币网络的价值呢?

这就是目前 Cosmos 生态在探索的一个方向,例如 Nomic 以及 Babylon 都在尝试利用比特币 PoW 网络的检查点 (checkpoint) 来解决 PoS 链的安全性问题,其中 Nomic 是用于保护自身的去中心化比特币侧链(去中心化、无需信任的比特币跨链桥,将为比特币网络带来更多的价值),而 Babylon 则是一个通用层解决方案。

这样的设计,使得比特币网络实际上成为了 L1 层,Cosmos 生态链成为了 L2 以及 L3 层。而根据斯坦福 Tse Lab 的论文‌,这种互补模型甚至可以拓展到其他的 PoS 链生态。

如果应用链理论以及 PoW 和 PoS 可互补理论成立,那么比特币网络也将成为一个非常重要的数据可用性层(注:在以太坊转向 PoS 共识机制之后,比特币已经成为了唯一有竞争力的 PoW 链)。

小结

综合以上的假设,我认为比特币网络的想象力可能并不输于以太坊,当然这在很大程度上依赖于真正安全的去中心化跨链桥,以及成熟的检查点解决方案,而目前它们都还没经过实战检验(同样的,很多公链路线图目前也处于画饼阶段)。另一方面,比特币网络的抗审查性是有附加价值的。

所以,我猜 ETH 市值大概率无法超过 BTC。

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