空白支票 eth_sign 钓鱼分析

慢雾科技Published on 2022-10-11Last updated on 2022-10-11

Abstract

近期,我们发现多起关于 eth_sign 签名的钓鱼事件。

近期,我们发现多起关于 eth_sign 签名的钓鱼事件。

钓鱼网站 1:https://moonbirds-exclusive.com/

当我们连接钱包后并点击 Claim 后,弹出一个签名申请框,同时 MetaMask 显示了一个红色提醒警告,而光从这个弹窗上无法辨别要求签名的到底是什么内容。

其实这是一种非常危险的签名类型,基本上就是以太坊的「空白支票」。通过这个钓鱼,骗子可以使用您的私钥签署任何交易。

除此之外,还有一种钓鱼:在你拒绝上述的 sign 后,它会在你的 MetaMask 自动显示另一个签名框,趁你没注意就骗到你的签名。而看看签名内容,使用了 SetApprovalForAll 方法,同时 Approved asset 的目标显示为 All of your NFT,也就是说,一旦你签名,骗子就可以毫无节制地盗走你的所有 NFT。如下:

钓鱼网站 2:https://dooooodles.org/

我们使用 MistTrack 来分析下骗子地址:

0xa594f48e80ffc8240f2f28d375fe4ca5379babc7

通过分析,骗子多次调用 SetApprovalForAll 盗取用户资产,骗子地址目前已收到 33 个 NFT,售出部分后获得超 4 ETH。

回到正题,我们来研究下这种钓鱼方法。首先,我们看看 MetaMask 官方是如何说明的:

也就是说,MetaMask 目前有六种签名方法(例如 personal_sign),只有一种方式会出现 MetaMask 警告,发生在 eth_sign 的签名情况下,原因是 eth_sign 方法是一种开放式签名方法,它允许对任意 Hash 进行签名,这意味着它可用于对交易或任何其他数据进行签名,从而构成危险的网络钓鱼风险。

根据 MetaMask 官方文档说明,eth_sign 方法是可以对任意哈希进行签名的,而我们在签署一笔交易时本质上也是对一串哈希进行签名,只不过这中间的编码过程都由 MetaMask 替我们处理了。我们可以再简单回顾下从编码到交易广播的过程:

在进行交易广播前,MetaMask 会获取我们转账的对象(to)、转账的金额(value)、附带的数据(data),以及 MetaMask 自动帮我们获取并计算的 nonce、gasPrice、gasLimit 参数进行 RLP 编码得到原始交易内容(rawTransaction)。如果是合约调用,那么 to 即为合约地址,data 即为调用数据。

rlp = require('rlp');

// Use non-EIP115 standard

const transaction = {

nonce: '',

gasPrice: '',

gasLimit: '',

to: '0x',

value: '',

data: '0x'

};

// RLP encode

const rawTransaction = rlp.encode([transaction.nonce, transaction.gasPrice, transaction.gasLimit, transaction.to, transaction.value, transaction.data]);

随后再对此内容进行 keccak256 哈希后得到一串 bytes32 的数据就是所需要我们签名的数据了。

// keccak256 encode

const msgHex = rawTransaction.toString('hex');

const msgHash = Web3.utils.keccak256('0x'+ msgHex);

我们使用 MetaMask 对这串数据签名后就会得到 r, s, v 值,用这三个值再与 nonce/gasPrice/gasLimit/to/value/data 进行一次 RLP 编码即可得到签名后的原始交易内容了,这时候就可以广播发出交易了。

rlp = require('rlp');

const transaction = {

nonce: '',

gasPrice: '',

gasLimit: '',

to: '',

value: '',

data: '',

v: '',

r: '',

s: ''

};

// RLP encode

const signedRawTransaction = rlp.encode([transaction.nonce, transaction.gasPrice, transaction.gasLimit, transaction.to, transaction.value, transaction.data, transaction.v, transaction.r, transaction.s]);

而如上所述,eth_sign 方法可以对任意哈希进行签名,那么自然可以对我们签名后的 bytes32 数据进行签名。因此攻击者只需要在我们连接 DApp 后获取我们的地址对我们账户进行分析查询,即可构造出任意数据(如:native 代币转账,合约调用)让我们通过 eth_sign 进行签名。

这种钓鱼方式对用户会有很强的迷惑性,以往我们碰到的授权类钓鱼在 MetaMask 会给我直观的展示出攻击者所要我们签名的数据。如下所示,MetaMask 展示出了此钓鱼网站诱导用户将 NFT 授权给恶意地址。

而当攻击者使用 eth_sign 方法让用户签名时,如下所示,MetaMask 展示的只是一串 bytes32 的哈希。

总结

本文主要介绍 eth_sign 签名方式的钓鱼手法。虽然在签名时 MetaMask 会有风险提示,但若结合钓鱼话术干扰,没有技术背景的普通用户很难防范此类钓鱼。建议用户在遇到此类钓鱼时提高警惕, 认准域名,仔细检查签名数据,必要时可以安装安全插件,如:RevokeCash、ScamSniffer 等,同时注意插件提醒。

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