模块化新范式:打破单片链的“三角魔咒”,实现区块链的真正扩容

PanewsPublished on 2022-10-09Last updated on 2022-10-09

Abstract

模块化区块链是区块链设计中的最新模式。模块化的概念由Celestia发起,在面临数量级扩展区块链的挑战时,模块化的概念正迅速成为一种定义类别的叙述。

模块化区块链

模块化区块链是区块链设计中的最新模式。模块化的概念由Celestia发起,在面临数量级扩展区块链的挑战时,模块化的概念正迅速成为一种定义类别的叙述。

但为什么我们需要模块化的区块链?请考虑以下四个要点:

1、为了实现我们对web3的愿景,增加吞吐量是必不可少的。

2、为了实现我们对web3的愿景,去中心化是必不可少的。

3、增加吞吐量而不保持去中心化是不能扩展的。

4、目前的单体L1和L2扩展解决方案不足以实现真正的可扩展性。

基于这些原则,很明显,我们需要寻找新的模式,以实现我们对web3的愿景。 模块化区块链是最有希望的新模式。

什么是模块化区块链?

在深入研究上述四种说法之前,了解单片区块链和模块化区块链的基本知识很重要。

区块链的核心功能:

执行--交易处理和计算

结算--解决争端和桥的建设

共识--交易排序

数据可用性 - 确保数据的可用性

传统上,区块链设计是整体单片的。这意味着区块链的所有功能都在单个层上处理。

模块化区块链的论点是,单个区块链不需要自行处理所有这些组件。相反,通过分解这些核心组件,单个区块链可以专注于专门的特定领域,从而导致重大优化。

单片与模块化的区块链堆栈

模块化区块链堆栈由多层模块化区块链组成,这些区块链相互依赖,创建一个包含上述所有组件的系统。模块化区块链是任何属于模块化区块链栈的链。

为什么是模块化?

从根本上说,区块链是为了保护和促进个人的主权。我们对web3的愿景是:构成我们数字世界结构的系统,每个人都可以访问,并且是去中心化的、可扩展的和安全的。

以上,我们考虑了四点,它们证明了区块链新模式的发展--具体来说,就是模块化模式。让我们进一步来探讨:

1、为了实现我们对Web3的愿景,增加吞吐量是必要的

尽管现有的区块链生态系统很庞大,但在吞吐量方面,需求仍然远远超过供应。这导致了网络拥堵,使得许多潜在用户越来越无法访问区块链网络。

以太坊等网络正变得越来越拥挤(来源:Etherscan)

自区块链领域成立以来,这一挑战一直困扰着它,尽管采用率仍然相对较低。如果没有新的技术来增加吞吐量,随着采用规模扩大到数十亿美元,它只会成为一个更大的问题。

为了实现我们的愿景,即让每个人都能访问web3系统,它们需要能够扩大相应的规模。大规模采用需要大量增加交易和计算的吞吐量。

2、为了实现我们对Web3的愿景,去中心化是必不可少的。

去中心化是区分web2和web3系统的关键因素,因此应该是任何web3系统的核心焦点。如果没有去中心化,web3系统就不会比其web2系统更好。

以下原则对于实现去中心化至关重要:

开放性--任何人都可以查看和访问该系统。

可验证性--任何人都可以验证系统的有效性。任何用户都可以操作一个节点,并保证区块链的正确运行,其规则被验证者支持。

抗审查性--任何人都可以作为用户参与到系统中,而不会有被验证者锁定的风险。

因此,为了实现我们对web3的愿景,任何区块链系统都必须保证开放性、可验证性和抗审查性--而且都是在可以为数十亿用户提供服务的规模下。

3、增加吞吐量而不保持去中心化是没有规模的

现在臭名昭著的区块链可扩展性三难问题描述了单片区块链必须在安全性、吞吐量和去中心化之间做出妥协。为了改进这三个组成部分中的一个,必须在其他一个或多个组成部分中做出牺牲。

附:Blockchain Scalability Trilemma链接https://medium.com/certik/the-blockchain-trilemma-decentralized-scalable-and-secure-e9d8c41a87b3)

大多数整体单片区块链将自己定位在A、B或C组

从而牺牲了三个核心方面中的一个

许多现有的区块链都承诺实现高吞吐量。然而,为了实现这一目标,在涉及到去中心化时,他们往往做出不可接受的牺牲。

在今天的单片区块链系统中,吞吐量的增加与验证链的成本增加相关。随着区块变得更大或更频繁,验证区块和/或区块链的有效性的资源需求也在增加。因此,能够验证链的用户越来越少,而不得不依赖越来越集中的可信第三方群体来运行节点。

需要注意的是:牺牲去中心化来增加吞吐量并不是扩展。

虽然 “可扩展性”一词经常被用来指区块链处理交易的能力,但有一种运动,将可扩展性重新定义为区块链的吞吐量除以验证链的成本。

“可扩展性”可以定义为区块链的吞吐量除以验证所有交易的成本(来源:Celestia)

根据这个定义,为了扩大规模,区块链必须在不增加网络验证成本的情况下提高吞吐量。这种“真正的可扩展性”正是模块化区块链所设计用来实现的。

4、目前的单片式L1和L2扩展解决方案不足以实现真正的可扩展性

有许多针对单片区块链的扩展解决方案,其中一些已经在开发中。诸如分片、汇总、欺诈/有效性证明和轻型客户端创新等解决方案旨在增加吞吐量,而不增加验证网络的成本。

其中一些解决方案采用了模块化的一些方面,以便进行扩展,例如将执行外包给L2。然而,L2受到主网络性能的严重限制,所以只要它们继续依赖单片L1来完成,可扩展性的三难问题就仍然存在。

例如,以太坊上的汇总直接将他们的区块发布到Ethereum区块链上,基本上使用L1以太坊作为结算、共识和数据可用性层。这样做的问题是,以太坊已经很拥挤了,集群正在与“单片以太坊”的用户(即非集群用例)争夺带宽。

由于它们越来越受欢迎,rollups对以太坊造成了进一步的拥堵,从而无意中推动以太坊走向更模块化的优先设计。例如,已经有几个建议,降低以太坊的gas成本(即优先考虑模块化),但这一举措是有争议的,因为它将使典型的以太坊交易更加昂贵,本质上迫使L1以太坊的用户补贴rollups的交易。

以太坊上面的Rollups交易必须与单片式以太坊的 non-rollup用例争夺空间,而模块化优先的区块链可以避免这一问题(原图来源)

以太坊的模块化和单片用例之间的这种冲突意味着它无法有效地优化模块化。只要它保持非专业化,与模块化优先的替代方案相比,它就会缩小规模。

真正的可扩展性--即大规模增加吞吐量,保留去中心化--并不是单片区块链的可行目标。为了扩大规模,像以太坊这样的链将需要优化模块化,这将意味着完全外包执行。

模块化区块链的前景

新的模块化区块链系统从头开始设计,以解决可扩展性方面的障碍。其目的不是建立在过时的技术之上,而是从前几代区块链技术的次优元素中学习,创造一个全新的模式,在保持安全性的同时优化可扩展性和去中心化。

在模块化系统中,协议可以专门为堆栈中的特定层提供服务。随着像Celestia这样的团队致力于专门的数据可用性和共识层,对优化解决执行层的瓶颈问题的项目有了新的推动。Fuel正在通过为模块化堆栈建立世界上最快的执行层来解决这一挑战。

不受以太坊和EVM的限制,Fuel从模块化优先的角度来处理可扩展的执行,允许对EVM的低效执行环境进行重大改进,从而实现最大限度的去中心化和最高的灵活吞吐量。

通过这场新的运动,我们有机会重新开始,并从根本上建立新一代的区块链,超越单片区块链。

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