现在谁拥有以太坊?

去中心化金融社区Published on 2022-09-26Last updated on 2022-09-26

Abstract

以太坊合并已经过去一周多了,涟漪已经开始显现。加密碳评级研究所(CCRI)委托发布的一份报告显示,能源使用量下降了,甚至超过了预期。

以太坊合并已经过去一周多了,涟漪已经开始显现。加密碳评级研究所(CCRI)委托发布的一份报告显示,能源使用量下降了,甚至超过了预期。来自“以以太坊为中心的软件公司ConsenSys”的CCRI报告称,以太坊现在使用的能源比合并完成前减少了约99.99%。它还表明区块链的碳足迹也下降了99.99%以上,”Decrypto网站上的一篇文章写道。减少能源使用是合并的主要目标之一。

然而,权益证明验证机制开始暴露其固有的弱点,特别是在加密货币被设计用来支持的关键上:去中心化。

以太坊向权益证明(Proof-of-Stake)的转变引发了一些争议。大多数评论都在庆祝对气候影响的改善,以及权益证明协议对监管类别、网络安全以及对影响力和决策权中心化的影响进行的严格审查。

关于中心化、安全和监管的讨论已经达到高潮,其因为是以太坊正在加入许多其他已建立的PoS链,如Cardano、Solana、Tezos、Mina和Algorand,这些都是从PoS第1层链开始的,并在此模型上建立了生态系统。

以太坊是作为PoW链构建的,是开发智能合约和创建大规模、基于区块链的生态系统活动的先驱。正因为它为区块链和加密货币提供了各种可能性,所以它才变成活动最多的最大区块链,同时使得社区忠诚度也非常高。

由于之前设计的PoW共识机制,它也是所有区块链中使用能量最多的,仅次于比特币。随着世界关注减少能源使用和对化石燃料的依赖,以太坊希望尽自己的一份力。但由于以太坊的规模及其在区块链和加密领域的地位,其向PoS过渡的影响凸显了该模型之前未被认识到的问题。

PoW 与 PoS:随时提供比较参考总是很有帮助的。

快速回顾:PoW和PoS共识机制都依赖于奖励系统,即鼓励良好行为并阻止不良行为者进行欺诈、攻击和双花等活动。PoW机制本质上更有利于去中心化的,因为矿工通过解决密码难题和确保区块链的准确连续性而获得个人奖励。首先解决难题并向链中添加另一个区块的验证者将获得比特币奖励。

权益证明协议将验证者地位授予给那些拥有最高投资的人。这种安全假设在一定程度上是建立在这样一种思想之上的,即那些拥有更高风险的人不太可能成为坏人。挖矿没有奖励,但验证者创建区块会获得交易费。

不难看出,这里存在将验证者身份授予给那些拥有最大金融投资人的问题。这种模式有利于中心化,因为个人和公司在协议中投入更多以赚取更多交易费用,最终使一两个团体更容易串通并影响链。

如果验证者是分布在全球范围内,并且不允许任何团体拥有超过特定小份额,那么这可能不会成为问题。不幸的是,事实并非如此。相反,这是一把降低安全性和提高中心化的剑。

从“工作量证明”到“权益证明”的转变降低了中本聪系数(Nakamoto Coefficient),这是成功攻击链所需要的串通团体的百分比。在工作量证明机制中,这个百分比是51%。根据“中本聪系数”的开发者之一利兰•李(Leland Lee)的说法,在“权益证明”(Proof-of-Stake)模式下,这个数字急剧下降至三分之一。

然后是中心化的交叉问题。根据区块链分析机构 Nansen的数据,目前有5家实体持有以太坊64%的份额,其中Lido DAO持有31%,Coinbase、Kraken和币安三家加密交易所分别持有15%、8.5%和6.75%,合计近30%。

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