升级后的ETH:价格走低、算力被迫转移、中心化问题或将带来监管挑战

锐思财经Published on 2022-09-20Last updated on 2022-09-20

Abstract

以太坊合并升级于2022年 9 月 15 日 13 时 46 分顺利完成,此次合并事件是加密史上重要的转折点之一。

以太坊合并升级于2022年 9 月 15 日 13 时 46 分顺利完成,此次合并事件是加密史上重要的转折点之一,标志着以太坊从工作量证明 (PoW) 向权益证明 (PoS)共识机制的全面过渡,也意味着已经被数百万人使用的以太坊网将开启新的篇章。

让我们一起来看看以太坊升级成功后的市场发生了什么?又将面临哪些问题和挑战?

合并升级利好耗尽,叠加美联储激进加息担忧,ETH价格接连走低

自以太坊升级成功后,加密市场一路下行。

比特币19日盘中再次跌破19000美元关口,最低至18235美元/枚,处于7月13日以来的最低水平。

以太坊的跌势则有过之而无不及。19日,以太坊一度跌破1300美元,最低至1280美元/枚,从15日升级至今,其跌幅已超22%。而ETH的POW分叉币——ETHW的表现更是惨不忍睹,从16日的最高价27.99美元飞流直下至3.88美元,其跌幅已超86%。

据币coin数据,过去24小时全网总计爆仓4.1亿美元。其中Binance爆仓8199万美元,OKEx爆仓1.58亿美元,Huobi爆仓1893万美元,BitMEX爆仓3888万美元。爆仓金额前三的币种是BTC 1.44亿美元,ETH 6146.20万美元,XRP 1309.55万美元。

分析人士认为,加密货币此轮暴跌诱因是美元强势。9月19日,美元指数一度飙升至110.0537,续创20年来新高。伴随美元走强出现的是美国长期和短期利率攀升以及资金流入被视为安全资产的美元,而比特币等加密货币风险资产特征彰显,并正逐步丧失其避险功能。鉴于美联储或将继续大幅加息,加密货币的熊市还远未结束。

分析师Kevin Svenson也指出,以太坊之所以跌势更凶是因为合并可能是一个“卖出”新闻事件,利多出尽让市场已无想像空间。再加上美国8月CPI指数超出预期,市场担忧美联储或继续激进加息,于是投资者纷纷逃离股市与加密资产。 Kevin表示,ETH可能会继续下跌到1000美元左右。

不过也有不少人对以太坊的长期走势仍然看好。欧易研究院高级研究员罗琦认为,以太坊合并后ETH的发行量会大幅减少,进而带来价值提升。以太坊在PoW共识机制下,按照13.5秒计算出块,每个区块产生的奖励约为2.1个ETH,相应地一年出块奖励约为491万ETH。在合并转为PoS共识机制后,PoW挖矿出块奖励将被取消,新增的ETH仅通过质押奖励发行,当前信标链上的总质押量为13,883,221ETH,年化收益约为4.2%,一年的ETH质押奖励约为58.31万ETH。

“综合来看,合并将会使ETH年通胀率从4.3%降低至0.43%。而且合并后,每个区块ETH销毁的比例也相应增加。当以太坊的Gas费用大于或等于7gwei(以太坊最小单位,1gwei等于0.000000001ETH)时,ETH被销毁的速度将大于ETH的发行速度,使得ETH的总量通缩,所以未来随着需求的不断上涨和总量的减少必将带来ETH价值的提升。”罗琦称。

以太坊挖矿时代终结,显卡价格大幅下跌,ETC算力飙升

在PoW时代,矿工们主要是通过算力来获得ETH,谁的算力高谁就能获得更多的收益。如今,以太坊依托PoS权益证明机制,通过质押ETH来产生区块,这就意味着大规模矿机“挖矿”时代已经终结。

挖矿方式的改变,使得部分矿工不得不将算力迁徙至其他PoW链,其中以太坊分叉链以太坊经典(ETC)成了算力转移的主要承接者。

据矿池2Miners的数据,ETC的网络算力从15日开始出现大幅飙升,从64TH/s到295.22 TH/s,其算力涨幅达460%。

此外,Ergo公链(ERG)的算力也从15日的约30TH/s一度上升至191TH/s,另乌鸦币Ravencoin(RVN)的哈希值则从15日的约8 TH/s飙升至17.08 TH/s。

虽然有大量以太坊矿工已迁徙至其他PoW 链,但整体算力尚未完全转移。似乎有许多矿工选择暂时关闭矿机,或是准备迁移至新的以太坊分叉链ETHW。

挖矿的终结也使得显卡市场需求急剧萎缩。目前部分显卡价格已快速下跌,eBay平台上RTX 3080 10GB Founder’s Edition 型号在6月中旬的售价约为750美元以上,但现在已跌至500-600美元区间,价格下跌达39%。

国内平台京东上的华硕TUF GeForce RTX 3080-O10G-V2-GAMING在今年3月份时也一度卖到8999元,现已回落至5799元,相当于打了6折。

需要注意的是,有业内人士提醒到,目前仍有大量焦头烂额的矿老板正发愁手里囤积的显卡要如何处理,它们极有可能会翻新流入显卡市场。据统计,市面上用于挖矿的显卡大概有2600万张,预计将有超过千万张矿卡会被甩卖,其中不乏高端的RTX 3080等显卡。而眼下制造厂商AMD和NVIDIA为了给新显卡让路,对30系和6000系显卡都进行了降价促销清库存,这样一来,显卡价格可能会不断下探,势必会对显卡市场造成不小的冲击。

呈现高度中心化倾向的以太坊,或将面临监管挑战

以太坊转为PoS机制后,其能耗大大降低,但中心化问题,或使其面临监管审查。

从链上数据看,以太坊网络已呈现高度中心化的趋势。升级后的20小时内,以太坊新产生的区块中有40%由两个实体负责:加密货币交易所Coinbase和质押平台Lido。

“最近生成的1000个区块中,有420个由Lido和Coinbase创建。”以太坊应用Gnosis共同创办人Martin Kppelmann指出,目前以太坊网络有7个主要参与者,掌控了三分之二的质押权。其中,Coinbase拥有14.5%的质押权,Lido则拥有多达27.5%的质押权。

PoS机制下,一个区块需要通过整个网络三分之二以上即66%以上权益的节点验证投票后才会被确认出块。也就是说,谁掌握了66%的质押权益,谁就拥有了出块的决定权。而目前以太坊的出块权主要被Lido、Coinbase、Kraken、Binance等几个大的实体运营商所掌控。

中心化的问题在于这些质押了大量ETH的机构或公司可能会面临冻结资金的风险,进而影响以太坊网络运行。这在以前是不需要考虑的问题,但美国财政部对以太坊网络上的混币器 Tornado Cash 的制裁像是打开了加密行业的潘多拉魔盒,谁也无法保证下一个被制裁的对象会不会是上述节点之一。

令从业者们深深担忧的另一大问题是,如果SEC把以太坊当作证券,它又将如何面对来自监管的审查?

日前美国证券交易委员会(SEC)主席 Gary Gensler 表示,以太坊在升级后使用的(POS)系统可能会触发证券法。加密货币交易所这样的中介机构向其客户提供质押服务,看起来与借贷非常相似。Gary Gensler 强调,被“质押”的加密货币可能被定义为豪威测试下的证券。

随着PoS升级成功,应对各种审查的情况变得越来越现实,随之产生的矛盾也越来越突出,也许技术之外的监管现实将会成为升级后以太坊的更大麻烦。

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