读懂以太坊二层扩容解决方案:ZK Rollup、Optimistic rollup、Validium、Plasma

链捕手Published on 2022-03-09Last updated on 2022-03-09

Abstract

一个或多个L2之间的集成将是未来发展的一个关键。

区块链领域中最具争议的话题之一无疑是可扩展性。
具体而言,随着以太坊越来越受欢迎,区块中的交易请求也在增加,因此交易成本也在随之增加。由于以太坊主网每秒处理大约15笔交易,因此提高吞吐量是有必要的。为了减轻以太坊节点的负担,出现了许多L2解决方案,每个解决方案都有自己的优点和缺点。
为了提高以太坊网络在其实际单链配置中的速度,多种替代扩展策略被应用:它们都旨在为以太坊主区块链上的交易处理减负以提高可扩展性,但所采取的方式各有不同。
值得注意的是,这些扩展技术并非以太坊独有,也可被用于其他网络。
现有的主要扩展方案
实际上,已有多种新颖的共识算法和技术,例如分片,可以直接在基础层解决可扩展性问题。
近几个月来,只占当前区块链一小部分的分片链获得了大量关注。尤其是链游方面的发展,例如基于Harmony One的DeFi Kingdoms和Near Protocol的EVM兼容链Aurora的推出。这些生态系统发展的主要驱动力是部署在其中的应用程序的实际价值,即更快的出块时间和更低gas费所带来的用户体验提高。
以太坊2.0可能就属于分片家族。
此外,还有构建在例如rollup之上的侧链和解决方案:这种技术继承了来自主层的所有安全性和共识协议,与大多数其他扩展技术相比具有相当大的优势。在这方面,这些解决方案可以被归类为“非托管”侧链。
从本质上讲,rollup收集大量交易,在链下对其进行计算,然后将它们作为单个链上交易进行广播。
目前在以太坊主网上活跃的rollup分为两种类型:

  • Zk Rollup(Zk 代表零知识),以有效性证明进行支持
  • Optimistic,由欺诈证明支持
optimistic rollup

零知识证明ZKP
从其纯粹的定义开始,零知识证明(ZKP)是一组工具,可以在不揭示基本假设的情况下验证信息。
“零知识”一词源于没有提供任何(“零”)关于特定事实的信息的理念:这是由一组加密技术实现的,该技术使“证明者”能够在不披露任何数据的情况下,以数据方式向“验证者”表明一个计算断言是有效的。
ZKP已被引入区块链领域。零知识证明分为两种类型:交互式和非交互式。

  • 交互式ZKP要求证明者进行一系列的活动或操作,以说服验证者他们拥有某些知识。交互式ZKP中所需的大部分活动都包含了数学概率思想。
  • 非交互式ZKP不需要证明者和验证者之间的交互,否则验证可能会在之后进行。在这种情况下,此类ZKP需要额外的计算机或软件。

所有ZKP(交互式或非交互式)必须满足三个先决条件:

  1. 完整性:如果陈述为真,验证者可以验证被证明者持有的所有必要输入。
  2. 有效性: 该判断不能被驳斥,且当被证明者没有提供必要的输入时,验证不会成立。
  3. 零知识:验证者除判断是真或假之外,不会看到其它信息。个人数据将始终保持匿名和加密状态。


ZK Rollup
Zk Rollup将所有交易数据提交到主链,并使用Zk-Snark(零知识简洁非交互式知识性论证)验证交易。
Vitalik Buterin在2018 提出了这个加密工具。
缩写SNARK代表简洁,知识的非交互论证:

  • “简洁”意味着证明比底层数据更短。
  • 知识论证表明,如果没有适当的“证人”或证据来证明他们所提供的信息是真实的,一个证明者就不能构建被验证的证明。一旦这些验证完成并发布到主链,其中包含的所有交易都被宣布为最终交易。因其使用加密活动,L2节点构建证明所需的处理能力非常高也更加快速。
optimistic rollup

ZK rollup通过中继器组合交易,然后由中继器生成zkp来证明交易的真实性。之后,在主层上提交并发布证明。
相关阅读:读懂 ZK-Rollups:如何带来 Crypto 生态系统的范式转变?
Optimistic rollup
Optimistic rollup的基本假设是,所有已处理的事务都是有效的。事实上,这个名字来源于节点链的乐观状态。
每当发现交易无效时,节点可以通过提供欺诈证据对发现不正确交易的整批交易提出质疑:一批交易将由支持optimistic rollup的底层系统(optimistic virtual machine,OVM)在主链上重新运行。
总体而言,OVM 允许L2上的交易完成,即使它们已被L1拒绝为无效:此外,如果交易被视为无效,则L2链将被重置为欺诈交易之前存在的状态。由于欺诈交易,所有后续交易都处于无用状态。
由于optimistic的方法建立在提交的交易总是真实的前提下,直到被证明是不同的,所以它在某种程度上被认为是“基于信任的”。

optimistic rollup

如果对生态系统中的参与者提供适当的激励,那么假设可能成真。然而,为了防止出现最坏的情况,也需要采取额外的预防措施。例如,当把资产从L2转移到L1时,Optimism规定了七天的搁置期,以为验证者提供足够的时间来发现和标记欺诈交易。
Validium
Validium运行方式类似于ZK rollup,不同之处在于数据被保存在链下。因为交易数据不是发布在区块链上的,所以有必要采用额外的信任假设,用户必须信任操作员,以便在需要时可以访问数据。
Validium的链下数据存储有很多好处,交易速度更快,并且因为公众无法访问交易,所以用户隐私性也到了提高。
然而,由于数据是在链外保存的,因此用户将无法随时看到其在智能合约中的可用金额。
因此,用户必须从中继器那里获取数据才能掌握自己的资金,并且他们必须信任中继器。
为了解决这个问题,StarkWare这样的解决方案提供了一个数据可用性委员会(DAC),其会存储所有链下数据,并在紧急情况下变为公开可访问,减少用户对中继器的依赖:由于其仍使用zkp,所以不存在广播不正确状态的危险;用户现在必须信任的只是信息的及时性。
Validium解决方案是较新的,建立在ZKR基础之上,如果扩展解决方案的有效性证明套件越来越受欢迎,其势头会不断提高。
使用Validium解决方案的项目包括DeversiFi、ZKSwap(支付、交易平台)、Sorare(足球NFT游戏)和Immutable X(NFT 市场)。
Plasma
在Plasma的家族中,可以找到几个基本上是以太坊复制版的区块链,它们通过信任最小化的网桥体系结构连接到以太坊。每个Plasma chain都可以采用自己的交易验证流程,但以太坊区块链仍具有最终交易真实性的权威。
Plasma不需要用户对运营商抱有绝对信任,即使是在不诚实或妨碍操作的情况下,用户始终有机会收回资金。虽然Plasma的推出引起了以太坊社区的极大兴趣,但也带来了许多挑战:新的数据可用性网络攻击、要求用户监控交易以检测恶意活动,以及在大量用户试图同时退出Plasma链的情况下对主链上数据容量的担忧,减缓了基于Plasma系统的采用。
此外,许多Plasma设计被一系列的用户体验和安全问题所困扰,而且它们并没有为智能合约的开发提供原生的便利性。OMG和Polygon现在已经放弃了Plasma,导致一些人认为它实际上已经不存在了。
技术比较
迄今为止,Optimistic rollup受到了最大的关注和采用,这要归功于其使开发人员能够将其以太坊应用程序“复制和粘贴”到L2平台的性质。
Uniswap 和 Synthetix 等以太坊主网头部应用程序已经开始使用基于概率rollup解决方案的Optimistic rollup解决方案部署其应用程序。同样,ZK rollups 和 Validium 解决方案虽然目前对通用智能合约的支持非常有限,但仍在积极部署中。
ZKR 相对于 Optimistic Rollup的一个主要优势是没有争议期(提款时间)。由于使用zkp来建立交易真实性,中继器将无法欺骗系统。另一个需要考虑的因素是ZKR用户始终能够移动其资产,因为数据始终保存在链上。
总的来说,这些举措的发展高度依赖于他们能够提供什么。零知识证明EVM兼容性的未来为基于有效性证明的L2解决方案组合的发展提供了良好的前景。

optimistic rollup

随着Matter Labs和StarkWare开创性地选择数据可用性来使用这些证明的可访问性,其可能会超越optimistic rollup的普及度。零知识证明所提供的安全性,以及中继器发布恶意活动的难度,使得L2系统采用其力量的未来看起来更加光明。
截至2月20日,整个L2生态的TVL约为60亿美元。
根据下图L2Beat数据显示,optimistic rollup占总市值的70%,Arbitrum以31亿美元排名第一。dYdX是采用ZK-Rollup的L2,以9.95亿美元紧随其后。到目前为止,Validium相关TVL较低,但随着IMX和Sorare的出现,也很有增长潜力。

optimistic rollup

结论
预计rollup的使用将是未来最常见的扩展方式。其中很多是近期首次部署的,这是一个重要的里程碑。考虑到以太坊2.0的发布还有很长一段时间,所以rollup可能会存在很长一段时间。
可组合性是以太坊的一个关键元素,它使网络中的任何人都可以轻松地在现有资产之上和周围构建新的用例。
如果你是以太坊网络的用户,这实际上给了你很大的自由度:你可以在同一个安全框架下,同一条链上,通过一些用户友好活动进行相对复杂的交易。
虽然L2解决方案通过降低gas费明显改善了用户体验,但也提供了独立执行环境的选项。
最近,应用开发者在选择在哪个平台上部署之前,开始变得犹豫不决,因为他们一直在观望哪个L2解决方案更受欢迎。
一个或多个L2之间的集成将是未来发展的一个关键。不仅对整个以太坊生态系统的网络效应有影响,而且对更广泛的智能合约平台环境也影响巨大。

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