扩容杀手锏Danksharding会是以太坊分片的未来吗?

IOSGPublished on 2022-03-08Last updated on 2022-03-08

Abstract

扩容杀手锏Danksharding会是以太坊分片的未来吗?Vitalik于近期提出的区块链架构"终局"图景受到了广泛热议。

Vitalik于近期提出的区块链架构"终局"图景受到了广泛热议,我们把这张宏大的路线图粗略提炼为以下三点:

  • 中心化的区块生产者
  • 去信任化和去中心化的区块验证
  • 反审查机制,使这些区块生产者失去审查交易的动力。

随着MEV与跨域MEV的兴起,我们显而易见区块的产生注定会变得愈发中心化——由于同时在许多领域(如rollups)生产区块所带来的好处和规模经济效应。在这样的机制下,单个区块生产者就能够在不同的rollups和layer1间攫取到套利机会。

(图片来源:https://vitalik.ca/)
Vitalik甚至更进一步地认为,如今“大区块”类型的区块链(如Solana、BCH等)如果想同时实现去中心化、规避审查,并实现扩容,就需要遵循类似的架构。考虑到rollups或跨域MEV所能带来的网络效应,区块生产者的中心化很大程度是无法避免的,那么接受这个事实,并在协议层面进行调整,以确保区块生产者不干扰layer1的安全性和抗审查性,就应是我们的最佳选项。由此,最近以太坊社区中针对协议层的一个颇具争议的热词“Danksharding”自然而然地吸引了我们的目光。在对这项技术进行解构前,我们先介绍一下PBS这个重要设计,从而帮助我们更好地理解Danksharding。
PBS:区块提议者与构建者分离
如果中心化的区块生产已经成为无可避免的现实,那防止更多的中心化最可行的方案就是将区块生产与区块验证(提议)分开。
我们知道在现在的架构中,一般只有一方在做区块生产的工作(矿工),而他们会直接从内存池Mempool中选择自己承揽哪些交易,并通过承揽这些交易来创建区块。此外,这些矿工的任务越复杂,他们能攫取的价值就越多,进而导致了矿工的中心化。
在PBS的设计中,构建者的角色被单独区分开来。他们会从mempool中选择交易,以实现利润最大化为目标对交易进行排序。一旦他们创建了他们想要承揽的交易列表,他们就会向验证者(区块提议者)提交他们的出价。而在这种情况下,验证者(区块提议者)的任务就是选择出价最高者来创建区块。区块提议者只是从mempool中收集交易,并创建一个crList,简单来说就是一个包含区块交易信息的列表。区块提议者将这个crList传递给区块构建者。区块构建者按照自己的意愿对crList中的交易进行重新排序,以使其MEV提取最大化。因此,当涉及到交易如何排序时,区块提议者没有发言权,但通过向构建者提供一个包括区块交易信息的列表(crList),他们确保来自mempool的所有交易均可不经审查地进入区块。
由此可见,PBS的设计实际上就是在提议者和构建者之间建立一个防火墙和市场。虽然区块生产者的工作将变得复杂和中心化,但必须保证运行验证节点的要求,使其可以由通用服务器以极低的成本运行,是非常关键的 (相对于由区块生产者运行的精密服务器而言)。而这一点的实现就要归功于PBS方案。
在理解了上述内容后,我们重新回到Danksharding上。
什么是Danksharding?为什么全世界都在提?
首先,先解释一下Danksharding名称的由来。Danksharding是以提出它的以太坊开发者Dankrad Feist命名的,他取代了之前的平行数据分片模式,围绕跨域MEV阻力重新设计了系统(也因此使得链的安全性及去中心化程度的最大化)。从前的分片设计中没有PBS,每个分片和信标链都有独立的验证者。这种设计是因为在过去大家普遍认为尽可能多的分片验证者能最大限度的提高抗审查能力。

(图片来源:Dude, What's the Danksharding situation?)
然而,随着MEV的问题越来越棘手,将区块构建者与其提议者分开成为了时下的一大需求。这种区块创造者和区块提议者各自独立的结构(PBS)是将MEV问题民主化,以及防止其进一步危及协议的安全性的唯一解决办法。
回到Danksharding,Dankrad的设计基本概念是:在任何的分片设计上,都存在多分片架构下的MEV机会,引发中心化的多分片构建者的问题。而解决这个问题的唯一办法就是实行这种PBS架构。区块提议者的存在发现并解决了区块创造的中心化问题,从根本上防止了任何危害链上安全性的行为。

(图片来源:Dude, What's the Danksharding situation?)
在这个新的设计里,信标区块会包含所有的分片区块,所有的信标区块和分片数据都会被一个由验证者组成的委员会(Committee)进行统一认证。这样一来,同个信标区块的交易可以访问分片数据,甚至可以在rollup和layer1之间获得同步交易,从而大大简化了rollup的结构,类似确认延迟的问题将不复存在。
那么Danksharding的反审查情况又是怎样的呢?中心化区块创造者是否仍然可以通过参与同一个区块来审查特定的交易记录呢?crLists的创新可以解决上述提到的问题。
区块提议者的职责是将所有他们在mempool 中看到的交易记录都列出来。然后区块构建者会依据这个列表并提炼出一个哈希值,并且证明所有的列表中的数据都已包含在内。不过最近的讨论显示关于提议者与验证者的设计以及crList的工具还有待最终确认。升级版的data sampling也是danksharding的另一重要设计,可以保证当信标节点提供数据的时候不必要存储所有的数据,在这里就不再展开赘述。
总体来说,Danksharding还是有不少值得关注的优点:

  • 越来越简单的分片设计,新的模型会使得原有的工作量降低百倍。
  • 基于PBS模型,无论是复杂亦或是高级的区块创造者对于以太坊的安全性来说都不会是一个问题。可以保证以太坊在不用担心中心化问题的同时增加区块的大小。
  • 分片数据和信标链数据的合并会加快layer1与zk rollup的同步速度,从而简化rollup的结构。
  • crLists可以确保L1做到即刻的交易验证(类似于layer2上的相同概念)。
  • 跨分片的MEV将会被民主化(就像Flashbots做的一样),潜在的验证者中心化问题可以被预防。

Danksharding作为一个由以太坊核心研究员在一个月前提出的全新模型,想法还处在萌芽阶段,该模型未来也会有更多的创新和优化。不过由此可以看出,以太坊的分片计划将会是一步一个脚印的稳步前行的。让我们拭目以待!

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