区块链艺术和金融真的去中心化了吗?

Block unicornPublished on 2022-03-07Last updated on 2022-03-07

Abstract

根据 “ 牛津英语词典 ” 的定义,分散就是 “ (1)取消集中在一个中心的行政权力,(2)分配集中在一个中心的行政权力等。”

什么是去中心化?

根据 “ 牛津英语词典 ” 的定义,分散就是 “ (1)取消集中在一个中心的行政权力,(2)分配集中在一个中心的行政权力等。” 区块链正是将控制和决策从集中式实体转移到分布式网络。

然而,权力下放—作为保护我们隐私的一种方式—也是密码朋克运动的一个里程碑。从埃里克·休斯(Eric Hughes)1993年撰写的《密码朋克宣言》(Cypherponk Manifesto)的以下摘录中可以清楚地看出这一点:

在电子时代,对于一个开放的社会隐私是必要的。[.]隐私是有选择地向世界展示自己的力量。[.]我们密码朋克致力于建立匿名系统。我们正在用密码学、匿名邮件转发系统、数字签名和电子货币来保护我们的隐私。[.]密码朋克人写代码,我们知道,必须有人写软件来保护隐私,既然我们不能获得隐私,除非我们都这样做,所以我们要写它。[.]我们知道软件不能被摧毁,一个广泛分散的系统不能被关闭。

在信息科学中,集中式组织通常由树形数据结构表示。树是层次结构,通常与以下原则相关联:

1. 集中制。树结构具有唯一的根节点,所有其他节点都从该根节点下降。这表示权力和权威集中在系统的中心角色中。

2. 终结主义。它描述了树的单向、线性过程:树中的任何点都可以通过中间节点的唯一、线性、自上而下的路径从根到达。因此,树体现了一个没有多重线性或反馈循环的组织。

另一方面,去中心化组织通常与网络数据结构相关联。网络是由以下原则定义的根状结构:

1. 权力下放。网络是没有蜘蛛的网络:没有中央权威或根来调节它们的生长,但它们以自组织的方式发展。

2. 多重线性。网络允许反馈循环。这意味着系统的参与者可以通过多条路径到达。

根茎(网络)结构为知识和社会提供了一种新模式,承认分散、自主、灵活性、创造力、多样性、协作、利他主义,最终实现民主。

网络匹配并维持后现代条件下典型信息的扩散——多种异质话语的共存——而不是统一所有形式知识的简单、中心话语:

那些怀念统一的元叙事——西方形而上学历史的核心梦想的人——将后现代状态体验为支离破碎、充满无政府状态,因此最终毫无意义。这让他们感到眩晕。另一方面,那些拥抱后现代主义的人发现它具有挑战性、令人兴奋和充满未知的空间。这让他们充满了冒险的感觉。

现代视角从树(中心化)到网络(去中心化)转变的一个重要例子是知识。Denis Diderot 和 Jean le Rond d'Alembert 在 1751 年至 1772 年间出版的百科全书中,将知识的谱系结构描绘成一棵具有三个突出分支的树:记忆和历史;理性与哲学;以及想象力和诗歌,只有一小部分学者可以作为贡献者参与。

相比之下,当代百科全书是由维基百科的编织网络体现的,每个人都可以在其中贡献一篇文章。作为这种转变的另一个例子,企业正在从过去以业务为特征的典型单一层次结构发展出更加流动和动态的分散自治组织 (DAO) 模型。

我的目的是调查密码朋克运动所承诺的去中心化是否以及如何出现在区块链艺术和金融中——可以说是数字账本技术的两个主要应用。

区块链金融的去中心化

2008年的金融危机导致雷曼兄弟(Lehman Brothers)等多家大银行倒闭,迫使许多州用公共资金救助其他银行。这场危机引发了一场尚未完全吸收的经济衰退。在心理层面上,2008年破坏了公民与银行、公民与州之间的关系所建立的信任。

在那个决定命运的一年的万圣节,发生了另一件事。一个隐藏在化名 Satoshi Nakamoto(中本聪)背后的神秘人物散布了一篇题为 “ 比特币:一种点对点电子现金系统 ” 的文章,前面发表了一份声明,对他们的动机毫无疑问:

我一直在研究一种完全点对点的电子现金系统,没有可信任的第三方。

2009 年 1 月 3 日,中本聪的想法得以实现,比特币链的第一个区块被铺设。事实上,他们在第一个区块中包含了一条不可磨灭的信息,引用了同一天《泰晤士报》的一篇文章,称第二次公共救助迫在眉睫。

从那时起,区块链金融成为现实。然而,尽管最初的动机是在没有可信第三方的情况下完全点对点操作,但今天的大部分区块链金融实际上是集中式金融 (CeFi),而不是去中心化金融 (DeFi)。CeFi 平台使用区块链技术,但归私人公司所有。用户必须信任第三方来监控交易并确保资产安全。此类服务还需要一个人提交个人信息以进行验证才能运行,声称为了解您的客户 (KYC) 流程。

区块链金融的三大支柱是稳定币、交易所和借贷服务。最受欢迎的稳定币,如 USDT 和 USDC,是中心化的,并以美元为抵押,与所有法定货币一样,美元也是中心化的。USDT 归Tether所有,而 USDC 归Center 所有,而Center又由Circle和Coinbase创立。

相比之下,DAI 是第一个去中心化的稳定币,由MakerDAO维护和监管,MakerDAO是一个去中心化的自治组织,由其治理令牌 MKR 的所有者组成,他们可以对其智能合约中某些参数的更改进行投票,以确保 DAI 的稳定性(与美元挂钩)。DAI 由 Ether 和其他加密货币(包括一些中心化的稳定币)担保,而不是由法定货币担保。

Terra USD (UST) 是一种完全去中心化的算法稳定币。基于算法的稳定币没有相关的抵押品,但有助于维持其稳定性的开源智能合约管理,只有利用社会共识或通过治理代币投票才能改变合约规则。

按交易量计算的最重要的加密货币交易所,例如Binance、Coinbase、FTX和Kraken,都集中在私人企业身份下,即中心化交易所 (CEX)。这实际上意味着,当客户在这些交易所转移资金时,资金会存入交易所的钱包,而客户不再拥有它们。客户被迫信任第三方,就像在传统银行存钱一样。所有交易都需要直接支付给交易所的费用。BlockFi、Celsius、Ledn和Nexo等中心化借贷服务也是如此. 在这些情况下,一个人因按百分比存款而获得奖励,或者一个人借入资金以存入加密货币的抵押品。

然而,在像Uniswap这样的去中心化交易所 (DEX) 上,客户依靠智能合约进行操作:交换硬币或存入流动性,智能合约是公开的,由第三方审计,并存放在区块链上。因此,他们总是做他们应该做的事情(包括执行错误),并且除非根据代币持有者社区的意愿部署新合约,否则无法更改。

市场接受者(交换硬币的人)支付一定费用,以补偿做市商(流动性的提供者)。值得注意的是,当用户交换硬币时,交换的资金会直接存入他们的钱包。同样,当它们与Compound和Aave等去中心化借贷服务交互时,所有交易都由公共智能合约进行调解。在使用这些去中心化应用程序时,用户不会被迫信任私人公司,而是要信任公共代码(智能合约)及其背后的开发人员。

因此,说去中心化是去信任的是错误的。事实上,一个人的信任目标已经发生了变化,从人类变成了人类编写的代码。

区块链艺术的去中心化

在第一篇关于加密艺术的文章中,Jason Bailey确定了这种艺术趋势的一些共同因素,包括民主化,鼓励每个人参与,无论其教育、技能、年龄、阶级、性别、种族或信仰如何;和权力下放,其中工具和指南旨在减少看门人和中间人的权力并增加艺术家的自主权。作为早期的加密艺术家,我可以证明这些是最初的前提。但加密艺术是否兑现了承诺?

尽管加密艺术最初致力于去中心化和资源平等分配,但加密艺术市场现在高度集中在少数艺术家和收藏家周围。在SuperRare 上,我计算出 80% 的销售量(2018 年 4 月至 2022 年 1 月)由 14% 的顶级艺术家(基尼指数等于 0.83)和 8% 的顶级收藏家收藏(基尼指数为 0.89) )。相比之下,在美国,2014 年至 2018 年的家庭收入基尼指数为 0.48。在其他市场,例如Foundation上,情况类似甚至更糟。换句话说,如果加密艺术是一个国家,而销售额反映了人口的收入,那么财富就会像在更广泛的经济中一样集中。

从统计数据来看,加密艺术市场遵循长尾分布,其中重要的少数人以微不足道的多数人为代价占据了主导地位。销售遵循累积优势(或优先依附)过程:“因为每个人都会得到更多,他将拥有丰富。但凡没有的,连他所有的也要夺去”(马太福音 25:14-30)。因此,加密艺术的民主原则在实践中并不成立。

另一个集中点涉及市场。原则上,艺术家可以在区块链上编写和部署他们自己的智能合约,并以纯粹的点对点方式使用它与收藏家互动并出售他们的艺术品。在实践中,很少有艺术家拥有这些技术技能,并且更喜欢使用由 SuperRare、Art Blocks和OpenSea等市场开发的智能合约。在所有情况下,只有 NFT 存储在区块链上,而艺术品的元数据和包含实际数字艺术的媒体通常存储在中央服务器上,例如亚马逊网络服务(AWS),就像 Art Blocks 一样,或者在星际文件系统上(IPFS)。在区块链上铸造 NFT 的交易记录(但不验证)代币与元数据和艺术品文件之间的链接。

确实,IPFS 是一个去中心化的点对点网络。然而,IPFS 上的节点仍然没有动力从其他节点共享和下载文件,因此艺术品文件通常仅存储在艺术家的节点上(如果他们可以运行具有 IPFS 节点的服务器)或更可能存储在市场的。可以使用自定义智能合约铸造 NFT,使用 Pinata 等免费服务将艺术品固定在 IPFS 上,然后立即从 Pinata 节点中删除文件。很可能在此期间没有其他 IPFS 节点获取该文件,并且铸造的 NFT 可能没有链接到任何东西。

也就是说,Web3 市场与集中式 Web2 应用程序根本不同。NFT 和艺术品文件都不存储在中央服务器上。唯一集中的元素是市场网站的前端。Hic et Nunc 的案例说明了这一点。当它的创建者 Rafael Lima 决定关闭一个非常成功的 NFT 市场时——更不用说基于 Tezos 区块链的渐进生态系统了——许多用户感到被骗了,有些人甚至声称这是一个骗局。然而,只有网站的前端消失了,而所有的智能合约和 NFT 仍然在区块链上永垂不朽,并且可以通过其他 NFT 聚合器(如 Objkt.com)可见。

集权的力量

消息应用Signal的创始人兼首席执行官 Moxie Marlinspike最近谈到了 Web3 的有效去中心化。在他看来,Web3 架构遵循客户端-服务器模型,但几乎所有希望访问它的客户端都是通过信任由Etherscan、Infura、OpenSea 等少数公司运行的服务器的输出来实现的。但是,这不可避免地会导致某种形式的集中化,因为:

1. 人们,甚至是 Marlinspike 描述的 “ 书呆子 ”,都不想运行自己的服务器,而且永远也不会。

2. 构建软件的负担很大。在这一点上,软件项目需要大量的人力。

3. 像区块链这样的协议比像 OpenSea 这样的平台移动得慢得多。如果某件事是真正去中心化的,那么它就变得非常难以改变,并且往往会在时间上停滞不前。

如果正如 Marlinspike 所指出的那样,此时已经赚了足够的钱,有足够的水龙头来维持 NFT 系统的运行,那么值得思考如何避免 Web3 变成 Web2,但隐私和效率会更低:

一旦分布式生态系统为了方便而集中在一个平台周围,它就会变成两全其美:集中控制,但仍然分散到足以及时陷入泥潭。

在 Marlinspike 发表他的批评后,以太坊创始人 Vitalik Buterin在 Reddit 上做出了部分反驳:“ Moxie 在帖子后半部分的批评让我觉得对生态系统的当前状态有正确的批评...... [原文如此] 但他们不见了区块链生态系统将走向何方,” 并补充说,Web3 尚未实现其理想的原因是 “ 技术资源和资金有限 ”。

集中就是委托,分散就是责任

拥有加密货币具有象征意义,购买一个比特币可以提供两种存储方式。任何一个人都可以在像 Binance 这样的中心化交易所进行存款,或者将其保存在像Ledger这样的实体钱包中。第一个涉及将与加密货币的保管和安全相关的所有问题委托给币安。例如,如果用户忘记了 Binance 应用程序的密码,他们将在 Binance 证明其身份后立即收到一个新密码。然而,正如最近没收与加拿大“自由车队”有关的加密钱包所证明的那样,委托责任与所有权不同。

第二种方法涉及购买 Ledger 钱包,了解其工作原理,并仔细保护与钱包相关的密码短语。用户仍然是其比特币的唯一所有者,但有额外的责任保护它:如果有人窃取了我的密码,或者我只是忘记了它,我可能会发现有一天早上我的比特币不再是我的了。

正如 Marlinspike 在他的帖子中暗示的那样,并非所有人都有意愿、技能和时间来适应像区块链这样复杂的跨学科领域。因此,即使在最去中心化的系统中,一定程度的授权和集中也是不可避免的。这不是一件坏事,只要我们了解幕后发生的事情。

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Timeline of Key Events Here is a timeline that highlights significant milestones concerning DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN): 2023: The initial deployment of the token occurs on the Solana blockchain, marked by its contract address. 2024: DIGITAL GOLD gains visibility as it becomes available for trading on decentralized exchanges like PumpSwap, allowing users to trade it against SOL. 2025: The project witnesses sporadic trading activity and potential interest in community-led engagements, although no noteworthy partnerships or technical advancements have been documented as of yet. Critical Analysis Strengths Scalability: The underlying Solana infrastructure supports high transaction volumes, which could enhance the utility of $BITCOIN in various transaction scenarios. Accessibility: The potential low trading price per token could attract retail investors, facilitating wider participation due to fractional ownership opportunities. Risks Lack of Transparency: The absence of publicly known backers, developers, or an audit process may yield skepticism regarding the project's sustainability and trustworthiness. Market Volatility: The trading activity is heavily reliant on speculative behavior, which can result in significant price volatility and uncertainty for investors. Conclusion DIGITAL GOLD ($BITCOIN) emerges as an intriguing yet ambiguous project within the rapidly evolving Solana ecosystem. While it attempts to leverage the “digital gold” narrative, its departure from Bitcoin's established role as a store of value underscores the need for a clearer differentiation of its intended utility and governance structure. Future acceptance and adoption will likely depend on addressing the current opacity and defining its operational and economic strategies more explicitly. Note: This report encompasses synthesised information available as of October 2023, and developments may have transpired beyond the research period.

1.1k Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

What is $BITCOIN

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