美国财政部发布GENIUS Act框架下稳定币监管规则草案

cryptonews.ruPublished on 2026-08-18Last updated on 2026-08-18

Abstract

美国财政部发布《GENIUS法案》第三部分实施细则草案,旨在规范稳定币发行。草案核心内容包括: * **发行界定与属地原则**:稳定币“发行”时刻定义为首次转让给他人使用的时点,而非创建时。若发行时发行方或接收方位于美国境内(根据实际地理位置,而非国籍),则视为在美国发行。 * **外国发行方准入**:允许外国发行方在美运营,前提是其本国监管体系获美方认可等效,并在美国货币监理署(OCC)注册。同时为其提供非故意触达美国用户的免责保护。 * **连带责任范围**:责任不限于发行方,可能延伸至参与关键环节的机构,如提供赎回服务、协调发行、担任做市商或协助上线的交易所。 * **特殊场景说明**:免费空投给美国用户可能被视为发行;通过跨链桥转移资产是否构成新发行暂未明确。 * **交易平台义务**:从2028年7月起,数字资产服务提供商原则上不得向美国用户提供非持牌方发行的支付稳定币。对于外国稳定币,相关要求将于2027年1月法案生效后适用,平台需确保其具备履行美国法律要求(如资产冻结)的技术能力。 * **公开征求意见**:财政部就用户位置核查的具体措施、是否对小型交易设置豁免门槛(如年交易额100万美元)等议题公开征询意见,评论期为60天。 该法案预计于2027年1月18日生效。

美国财政部发布了一份制定法规的通知(NPRM),其中阐述了实施《GENIUS Act》第三篇的拟议规则。该文件主要涉及谁、在何处以及在什么条件下可以在美国发行支付稳定币,以及何时可以将其提供给美国用户。

美国财政部具体提出了什么?

总的来说,《GENIUS Act》禁止在未经相应的联邦或州级许可的情况下在美国发行支付稳定币。该法案预计将于2027年1月18日生效。

财政部现在试图详细说明,究竟什么行为将被视为在美国发行稳定币。

根据拟议规则,稳定币被视为发行的时间点并非发行人技术上创建代币的时刻,而是首次发生转移的时刻。即指代币被另一个人获得、可以使用、转让或赎回该资产的权利的时刻。

文件单独规定,将代币返还给发行人实质上“清零”了之前的发行。如果之后该公司再次将此类代币转让给另一个人,这将被视为新的发行。

此外,拟议的模式将规则与发行人和接收者的所在地关联起来。如果首次转移时发行人位于美国,或者接收者位于美国,则发行将被视为发生在美国。

对于个人而言,决定性因素是实际物理位置,而非国籍。例如,根据拟议规则,身处国外的美国公民在接收代币时,不会被视作位于美国境内的人士。

财政部甚至举了相应例子。如果一个不符合美国运营要求的外国发行人,向身处国外的美国公民发行稳定币,这不构成美国发行。

对于外国公司,标准则不同。只要该公司在美国注册或其主要营业地点在美国即可。

外国发行人将能在美国运营

《GENIUS Act》并未对美国市场完全关闭外国稳定币的大门。财政部提议允许外国发行人在美国运营,前提是它们符合第18(a)节的要求。

具体而言,这涉及财政部认可其原籍国的监管制度与美国制度具有可比性,以及在美国货币监理署(OCC)注册。对于外国发行人,还规定了免于因代币偶然落入美国用户手中而承担责任。

如果公司能够证明自己并非在美国进行发行,条件是:

  • 其自身位于美国境外;
  • 有合理理由认为接收者位于美国境外;
  • 实际实施了核实用户位置的程序;
  • 没有在美国市场宣传或推广该稳定币。

为此,可以使用开户数据、IP地址验证、设备位置、合同确认和交易追踪等方法。然而,财政部目前并未规定此类措施的具体强制清单,并请市场参与者就此发表意见。

交易所和做市商也可能承担责任

文件的一部分涉及“参与非法发行”的概念。财政部提议不将责任仅限于直接发行人。在某些情况下,可能被认定为非法发行参与方的公司包括那些:

  • 提供稳定币赎回服务的公司;
  • 协调发行关键环节的公司;
  • 寻找首批购买者的公司;
  • 执行代币创建的公司;
  • 在首次分销期间履行做市商职能的公司;
  • 向首批购买者分销代币的公司;
  • 确保资产初步进入二级市场的公司。

例如,交易所如果在非法发行后立即进行该稳定币的首次发行,则可能被视为参与了非法发行。

同时,根据关于参与非法发行的具体规定,在代币发行后很长一段时间进行的普通交易,通常不适用此条款。但是,它可能会受到《GENIUS Act》其他要求的约束。

空投、跨链桥和自有钱包

拟议的规则也涉及稳定币的非典型分发方式。

免费空投可能被视为发行行为。如果发行人免费创建稳定币并分发给美国用户,财政部建议将其视为在美国发行。这并不要求代币被出售。

同时,财政部将此类空投是否同时构成销售要约的问题留待讨论。

此外,该部门要求市场参与者就跨链桥和包装稳定币的运作发表意见。目前文件并未规定每次通过跨链桥转移代币都会自动产生一次新的发行。

对加密货币交易所的变更

对数字资产服务提供商的特定限制将稍后生效。

自2028年7月18日起,此类公司通常将不能向美国境内人士提供或销售支付稳定币,除非该代币是由持牌发行人发行的。

对于外国稳定币,部分要求预计将在《GENIUS Act》生效日期——2027年1月18日——开始适用。服务提供商不得在美国提供或使外国发行人的稳定币可用,除非该发行人具备技术能力并同意遵守美国合法的要求。

这尤其指执行有关代币的合法命令的能力。财政部特别提到了智能合约的功能,这些功能允许冻结、扣押或销毁资产。然而,文件目前并未设定对这些功能进行强制性技术审计的要求。

交易所可以依赖外国发行人的声明,但首先必须进行适当的尽职调查。如果公司明知或有充分理由相信该声明不实,则不能依赖该声明。

可能的更新

该部门正在考虑采取更严格的方法,即任何对美国人的发行或销售都将被视为违规,无论发行人或平台是否知晓用户的位置。在这种情况下,是否拥有适当的验证程序将主要影响刑事责任问题。

财政部也在考虑一种类似于针对美国境外操作的 Regulation S 制度的方案。该方案可能允许外国公司在业务确实发生在美国境外且未在美国进行定向推广的条件下运营。

另外,该部门就针对小额操作可能设立的简化制度征求意见。提及的方案中包括每年100万美元的门槛,但这并非拟议的规定,只是供讨论的一个选项。

美国财政部还请求市场参与者帮助制定最终规则。意见将在NPRM在《联邦公报》上发布后的60天内接受。

我们之前曾报道,Tether 有两年的时间来使 USDT 符合《GENIUS Act》的要求。

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Related Questions

Q美国财政部提出的稳定币监管规则草案中,如何定义稳定币的'发行'时刻?

A根据美国财政部提出的草案规则,稳定币的'发行'时刻不是指技术上创建代币的时候,而是指发生第一次转让的时候。即当另一个人获得使用、转让或赎回该资产的权利时,发行才被视为发生。此外,将代币返还给发行方将'重置'之前的发行记录。

Q根据草案规则,在什么情况下,稳定币的发行会被视为发生在美国?

A根据草案规则,稳定币发行被视为发生在美国,需要满足以下条件之一:在首次转让时,发行方(稳定币发行人)位于美国;或者在首次转让时,接收方位于美国。对于个人,决定性因素是实际物理位置,而非公民身份。

Q外国稳定币发行商在何种条件下可以进入美国市场?

A根据草案规则,外国发行商若要进入美国市场,需要满足《GENIUS Act》第18(a)条的规定。这包括其来源国的监管被美国财政部认定为与美国制度具有可比性,并且在美国货币监理署(OCC)注册。此外,如果发行商在合理认定接收方位于美国境外、实施地理位置验证程序、且未在美国市场推广的情况下,无意中将代币送达美国用户,可能免于责任。

Q除了发行商,还有哪些机构或角色可能根据草案被视为参与了'非法发行'并承担责任?

A根据草案,可能被视为参与非法发行并承担责任的不仅包括直接发行商,还包括提供赎回服务的公司、协调关键发行阶段、寻找首批买家、执行代币创建、在首次发行中担任做市商、向首批买家分发代币、以及为资产进入二级市场提供便利的实体。例如,在非法发行后立即进行首次发行的交易所可能被视为此类参与者。

Q美国财政部对空投(Airdrop)、跨链桥和封装代币等非典型分发方式有何初步规定?

A草案规定,免费的空投可能被视为一种发行行为。如果发行方免费创建稳定币并将其转让给美国的用户,美国财政部提议将其视为在美国发行。草案暂未规定通过跨链桥转移代币是否自动构成新的发行,并就此征求市场意见。

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