资本关键时刻来临?AI 叙事从技术转向融资,巨头现金流告急、债市已拉响警报

marsbitPublished on 2026-08-17Last updated on 2026-08-17

Abstract

AI投资的叙事已从技术、资本支出转向融资层面,桥水基金指出“资本的关键时刻”来临。摩根士丹利预测,到2028年AI基础设施建设需3.2万亿美元,其中约1.75万亿美元需通过信贷市场筹集,资金来源扩展到杠杆贷款等非传统渠道,但融资成本将上升。 债券市场已反应:AI相关债券发行占长久期供给的40%,超大规模云计算商的信用利差显著走阔,而整体投资级市场保持平稳。同时,企业现金流状况恶化,资本支出预测上调而自由现金流预测持续下滑,例如甲骨文2027年自由现金流预测接近-400亿美元。 信贷市场开始定价风险,超大规模云计算商信用利差扩大约22-25个基点,甲骨文信用违约互换(CDS)从40基点飙升至近190基点,显示市场对其担忧加剧。尽管目前行业资产负债表稳健,但未来资本支出增速预测从14%上调至29%,融资缺口扩大。 “新债王”Gundlach批评以AI资产(如GPU)抵押发行长期债券的做法,比喻为“用香蕉做30年ABS”,指出GPU技术迭代快、折旧迅速,抵押品价值在债务期内存在高度不确定性。整体来看,AI繁荣正面临融资紧张与信用风险上升的双重考验。

AI投资的叙事正在发生转变。它起初是一个技术故事,随后演变为资本支出故事,如今正在成为一个融资故事。

近日,桥水基金的Greg Jensen用一句话概括了当下处境:“我们正在进入资本的关键时刻。”

摩根士丹利预测,2028年前AI基础设施建设总支出将达3.2万亿美元,其中约1.75万亿美元需要通过信贷市场筹集。资金来源已从传统投资级债券扩展至杠杆贷款、私人信贷和证券化产品。钱是有的,但不会便宜。

债券市场已经开始给出反应。Apollo数据显示,AI相关债券发行已占长久期供给的40%。超大规模云计算商(Hyperscalers)的信用利差今年以来显著走阔,而整体投资级市场几乎纹丝未动。

“新债王”Gundlach更直言,用GPU抵押发行长期债券,无异于“用香蕉做30年ABS”。

现金流在走错误的方向

资本支出预测一再上调,自由现金流预测却在持续下滑。

摩根士丹利大幅下调了各大超大规模云计算商的2027年自由现金流预测。其中甲骨文的情况最为突出,其2027年自由现金流预测已接近-400亿美元。

支出承诺的规模同样触目惊心。超大规模云计算商的采购承诺已爆炸式增长至9820亿美元。摩根士丹利指出,真正的资本支出如今大量存在于表外。这意味着,仅看资产负债表,会严重低估实际的资金压力。

信贷市场已经开始定价风险

投资者正在要求更高的风险补偿。

摩根士丹利数据显示,超大规模云计算商相关信用利差今年以来“显著走阔,远超整体投资级市场”——高质量超大规模云计算商(HQ Hyperscalers)利差扩大约25个基点,普通超大规模云计算商(Hyperscalers)扩大约22个基点,而整体投资级市场利差变动为0。

甲骨文是其中最受关注的案例。其他超大规模云计算商的信用违约互换(CDS)普遍处于30至80个基点的区间,而甲骨文的CDS从2025年中约40个基点飙升至2026年4月峰值近190个基点,目前仍在180个基点附近徘徊。Meta的CDS则相对温和,小幅升至约75个基点。信贷市场已经明确选出了它最担心的那一家。

资产负债表强健,但问题在于未来

摩根士丹利2026年一季度数据显示,超大规模云计算商的总杠杆率仅为1.3倍,净杠杆率0.5倍,现金/债务比率高达128%,中位评级为AA-。相比之下,非金融投资级整体的总杠杆率为2.4倍,评级为BBB。

但问题在于未来。摩根士丹利将2027年云计算资本支出增速预测从14%大幅上调至29%,超大规模云计算商也在“重申投资回报信心”。支出预测翻倍,融资缺口随之扩大。

“新债王”Gundlach:用GPU做抵押,就像用香蕉做ABS

对于市场上出现的以AI资产为抵押的融资方案,债券市场知名投资人Jeff Gundlach给出了尖锐批评。

他针对一项500亿美元基金联合体计划警告称,该计划“很可能经不起时间检验”。他在社交媒体上发问:“用生命周期未知的资产作为长期债务的抵押品?为什么不做一个以仓库里香蕉为支撑的30年ABS交易?”他补充道,这些还是“生命周期未知的全新工程香蕉”。

Gundlach的类比直指核心问题:GPU折旧速度极快,技术迭代周期远短于债务存续期。当以此类资产为抵押进行长期融资时,抵押品的实际价值存在高度不确定性。

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Related Questions

QAI投资的叙事正在发生怎样的转变?

AAI投资的叙事从最初的技术故事,演变为资本支出故事,如今正在转变为一个融资故事。这意味着行业关注的焦点正从技术可行性转向如何筹集和运用巨额资金。

Q摩根士丹利预测的2028年前AI基础设施建设总支出是多少?其中有多少需要通过信贷市场筹集?

A摩根士丹利预测,2028年前AI基础设施建设总支出将达3.2万亿美元,其中约1.75万亿美元需要通过信贷市场筹集。

Q目前AI相关企业在现金流和资本支出方面面临什么矛盾?以甲骨文为例情况如何?

A矛盾在于资本支出预测一再上调,而自由现金流预测却在持续下滑。以甲骨文为例,其2027年自由现金流预测已接近-400亿美元,现金流压力巨大。

Q信贷市场如何对AI相关企业的风险进行定价?请以甲骨文的CDS为例说明。

A投资者正在要求更高的风险补偿。具体表现为AI相关企业的信用利差显著走阔。例如,甲骨文的信用违约互换(CDS)从2025年中约40个基点飙升至2026年4月峰值近190个基点,目前仍在180个基点附近徘徊,远高于其他同业,显示信贷市场认为其风险较高。

Q“新债王”杰弗里·冈拉克对以AI资产(如GPU)为抵押进行长期融资提出了什么批评?

A杰弗里·冈拉克尖锐批评了以AI资产(如GPU)作为长期债务抵押品的做法。他比喻这“就像用香蕉做30年ABS”,指出GPU等硬件技术迭代和折旧速度极快,其作为抵押品的长期价值存在高度不确定性,此类融资结构“很可能经不起时间检验”。

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