如何做好研究:锻炼那些可以「刻意练习」的真正能力

marsbitPublished on 2026-06-15Last updated on 2026-06-15

Abstract

并没有人真正教过如何做研究,大多数人只学会了如何“看起来”像研究员,而非真正掌握研究能力。真正的能力由一系列可刻意练习的小技能组成。 **一、选择自己的问题** 不应被动接受他人设定的问题,而应主动选择自己真心希望实现的目标,并反向设计实验。这能导向原创性。研究“品味”如同肌肉,可通过反复预测实验结果、仅凭方法猜测论文数据、并事后验证预测准确性来锻炼。 **二、升级信息输入** 若只依赖热门榜单和社群讨论,容易产生趋同想法,价值有限。应重视旧资料,因为领域发展常重演历史。同时,广度与深度并重:跨学科借鉴(如神经科学、机制设计)和理解底层技术(如GPU内存)至关重要。务必阅读论文原文,尤其是附录和“局限性”部分。 **三、坚持记录一切** 写作是最廉价的防自欺机制,能将模糊想法暴露为逻辑漏洞。应效仿达尔文,立即记录任何与理论相悖的事实,防止记忆选择性遗忘。保持实验日志(假设、设置、预期、结果、认知更新),定期回顾能有效促进反思与成长。

并没有人真正教过你如何做研究。你得到一张办公桌、一个别人挑好的问题,以及一个「做出点新东西」的模糊指令。

因此,大多数人通过他们能看到的东西(比如论文、帖子和公告)对这份工作进行逆向工程,最终他们学到的只是如何「看起来」像个研究员,而不是如何「成为」一个研究员。真正的研究能力是一系列小技能的堆叠,而几乎每一项都可以通过刻意练习来培养。

挑选你自己的问题

理查德·汉明(Richard Hamming)在贝尔实验室有个习惯,这让他在午餐时很不受欢迎。他会问坐在旁边的人,他们领域里重要的问题是什么,然后问他们为什么不去研究这些问题。于是大家纷纷换桌吃饭。

这个问题很刺人,因为我们大多数人都给不出好答案。我们不是在选择问题,而是在吸收问题——从导师那里吸收,从某个大实验室上个季度发布的公告里吸收,从这周大家都在转发引用的论文里吸收。

吸收来的问题,麻烦在于你只握有结论,却不知其背后的推理逻辑。你知道某个著名实验室关心某个方向,但你不知道为什么,不知道他们期望发现什么,也不知道什么情况会让他们放弃这个方向。

当他们转向时,你一年后才会察觉。而且,在一个已经流行起来的问题上,你是在和 1,000 个起步比你早、算力比你多的人赛跑。

约翰·舒尔曼(John Schulman)的机器学习研究指南将这项工作分为两种模式。第一种,你阅读文献并寻找可以改进的地方。第二种,你选择一个你真心希望实现的结果,然后反推去设计实验。

他主张第二种,其隐晦的原因在于这能制造出原创性。一个你真正关心的目标,会把你拖入任何综述论文都未曾覆盖的领地。

至于「品味」(taste),人们常把它当成一种天赋来讨论。但它表现得其实更像是一块肌肉。

在运行每次实验前,先预测它的结果;遮住一篇论文的结果部分,仅凭它的方法来猜测数据;记下这个月发布的哪些成果在两年后依然重要,以后再来验证你的命中率。一次预测加上一次纠错,重复几百次——每一个好模型都是这样训练出来的,包括你脑子里的那个。

升级你的输入

共享的阅读清单产生共享的想法。如果你的信息口粮只是 arXiv 的热门榜单加上群聊筛选后剩下来的东西,你必然会跟所有人同时得出同样的结论,这也使得这些结论几乎一文不值。

旧资料的价值被严重低估了。这个领域总是延时重演自己的过去:混合专家模型(MoE)可追溯到 1991 年,LSTM 到 1997 年,反向传播在 1986 年就成了主流。

理查德·萨顿(Rich Sutton)在 2019 年只用了一千来字就写出了《苦涩的教训》(The Bitter Lesson),而它对该领域发展轨迹的预测,比篇幅长它十倍的综述还要准。克劳德·香农(Claude Shannon)在 1952 年做过一场关于创造性思维的演讲,他的第一招就是把问题缩小到几乎微不足道的程度,破解这个缩小版,然后再将难度一点一点地加回去。

单凭这一招,就能帮你撞破比任何现代生产力建议都要多的墙。

广度和深度一样重要。可解释性研究毫不掩饰地借鉴了神经科学;评测(Eval)设计就是披着白大褂的机制设计;只要对 GPU 到底如何移动内存有实际的认知,你就能在基准测试结果出来之前判断出哪些架构论文注定会失败;而诚实的统计学可能已经是机器学习领域最稀缺的技能了,在这里,许多公开发表的「严谨」,不过是带有误差棒的「感觉」。

还有一件事。去读论文本身,而不是读总结它的帖子。附录才是埋藏秘密的地方,而「局限性」部分通常是整篇文档中最诚实的一段。

把一切都写下来

保罗·格雷厄姆(Paul Graham)指出,一个想法在你试图把它变成文字之前,总感觉已经非常成熟了。但白纸黑字会暴露出你大脑粉饰过的漏洞:你从未测试过的假设、其实并不连贯的步骤、两个悄悄自相矛盾的主张。

费曼(Feynman)的原则是,你必须避免欺骗的第一人就是你自己,因为你是最容易上当的目标。写作是有史以来发明的最廉价的防御机制。

达尔文走得更远,他将其程序化了:任何违背他理论的事实都会被当场写下来,因为他发现自己的记忆删除不便证据的速度,远比删除有利证据的速度快。你的记忆对你失败的运行记录也是如此。

保持做日志的习惯:假设、设置、预期、结果、更新后的认知。重读上个月的记录会让你感到极度谦卑,没有任何审稿人能带来这种效果。

Related Questions

Q文章认为,真正的研究能力可以通过什么方式培养?

A文章认为,真正的研究能力不是天赋,而是一系列小技能的堆叠,几乎每一项都可以通过“刻意练习”来培养。

Q约翰·舒尔曼主张的第二种研究模式是什么?这样做有什么好处?

A约翰·舒尔曼主张的第二种研究模式是:选择一个你真心希望实现的结果,然后反推去设计实验。这样做的好处是能制造出原创性,因为一个你真正关心的目标会把你拖入任何综述论文都未曾覆盖的领地。

Q文章中提到,关于“品味”(taste),作者是如何看待的?他建议如何锻炼它?

A文章指出,“品味”表现得不像一种天赋,而更像是一块可以锻炼的肌肉。作者建议通过以下方式锻炼它:在实验前先预测结果;遮住论文的结果部分,仅凭方法来猜测数据;预测哪些成果在未来依然重要并事后验证。

Q作者为什么认为“广度和深度一样重要”?请举出文章中提到的至少一个例子。

A作者认为“广度和深度一样重要”,是因为广博的知识能带来独特而有价值的洞见和突破。例如,文章指出:可解释性研究借鉴了神经科学;评测设计借鉴了机制设计;了解GPU如何移动内存能预判架构论文的成败;诚实的统计学是机器学习领域的稀缺技能。

Q根据文章内容,写作在研究过程中扮演了怎样的角色?达尔文在这方面有什么具体的做法?

A写作在研究过程中是一种廉价的防御机制,能迫使想法具体化,暴露思考中的漏洞、未经检验的假设和逻辑矛盾。达尔文的做法是,程序化地将任何违背他理论的事实当场写下来,因为他发现自己的记忆会自动快速地忘记不利证据。

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