美联储 4000 亿流动性信号:比特币藏压待破局

Foresight NewsPublished on 2025-12-09Last updated on 2026-04-22

Abstract

相较于降息,美联储 4000 亿储备金重建的流动性信号,才是影响比特币走势的关键。

撰文:Oluwapelumi Adejumo

编译:Saoirse,Foresight News

比特币的价格走势正伴随着美联储今年最后一次政策决议波动,表面上几乎无明显起伏,但市场深层结构却呈现出截然不同的态势。

看似稳定的价格区间下,实则隐藏着一段集中承压期:链上数据显示,投资者每日亏损额接近 5 亿美元,期货市场杠杆率大幅下降,且近 650 万枚比特币目前处于未实现亏损状态。

这种局面更像是以往市场收缩的末期阶段,而非良性的盘整行情。

不过,在看似平稳的表面下发生结构性调整,对比特币而言并非罕见,但此次调整的时机却值得关注。

市场内部的「投降式抛售」,恰好与美国货币政策的外部拐点相重叠。美联储已结束过去十多年来最激进的资产负债表缩减阶段,市场预计其 12 月会议将为「转向储备金重建」勾勒更清晰的框架。

有鉴于此,链上市场压力与悬而未决的流动性转向,共同构成了本周宏观事件的背景。

流动性转向

据《金融时报》报道,量化紧缩(QT)已于 12 月 1 日正式终止,在此期间,美联储将资产负债表规模缩减了约 2.4 万亿美元。

这一举措导致银行储备金水平降至历史上与资金紧张相关的区间,同时有担保隔夜融资利率(SOFR)也多次试探政策利率区间的上限。

这些变化表明,市场体系已不再流动性充裕,而是逐渐步入「储备金稀缺引发担忧」的阶段。

在此背景下,联邦公开市场委员会(FOMC)释放的最关键信号,并非市场普遍预期的 25 个基点降息,而是其资产负债表策略的走向。

市场预计,美联储将通过明确声明或政策执行文件,阐明其向「储备金管理购买(RMP)」过渡的具体方案。

据投资研究公司 Evercore ISI 分析,该计划最早可能于 2026 年 1 月启动,每月将购买约 350 亿美元短期国库券 —— 抵押贷款支持证券到期回笼的资金,将被重新配置到短期资产中。

这一机制的细节至关重要:尽管美联储不太可能将 RMP 定义为「刺激政策」,但持续向短期国库券再投资,将稳步重建银行储备金,并缩短「系统公开市场账户」的资产期限结构。

这一操作将逐步推高储备金规模,最终使资产负债表年化增幅超过 4000 亿美元。

这种转向将标志着自量化紧缩启动以来,美联储首次释放持续的扩张性政策信号。从历史数据来看,比特币对这类流动性周期的敏感度,远高于政策利率的变动。

与此同时,更广泛的货币总量数据显示,流动性周期或许已开始转向。

值得注意的是,M2 货币供应量已达到 22.3 万亿美元的历史峰值,在经历长期收缩后,超过了 2022 年初的高点。

(注:M2 是衡量货币供应量的核心指标之一,属于「广义货币」范畴,比基础货币(M0)、狭义货币(M1)涵盖范围更广,能更全面反映社会整体的流动性状况。)

因此,若美联储确认「储备金重建」启动,比特币对资产负债表动态的敏感度可能会迅速回升。

宏观陷阱

此次政策转向的核心依据,源于就业数据的变化。

过去 7 个月中,有 5 个月的非农就业人数出现下降;同时,职位空缺数量、招聘率及自愿离职率均呈放缓趋势,使得就业市场的叙事从「韧性十足」转向「脆弱承压」。

随着这些指标降温,「经济软着陆」的理论框架愈发难以支撑,美联储的政策选择空间也在不断收窄。

当前通胀虽有所回落,但仍高于政策目标;与此同时,「维持紧缩政策更长时间」的成本正不断上升。

潜在风险在于:在通胀完全回落至目标水平前,劳动力市场的疲软可能会进一步加剧。因此,本周美联储新闻发布会的信息价值,可能会超过利率决议本身。

市场将重点关注美联储主席鲍威尔如何平衡两大目标 —— 既要维护劳动力市场稳定,又要确保通胀路径的可信度。他对「储备金充足率」「资产负债表策略」及「RMP 启动时机」的表述,将主导市场对 2026 年的预期。

对比特币而言,这意味着其价格走势不会是「非涨即跌」的二元结果,而是取决于政策信号的具体方向。

若鲍威尔承认劳动力市场疲软,并明确储备金重建方案,市场可能会认为当前的区间波动价格与政策方向脱节 —— 若比特币突破 9.2 万 - 9.35 万美元区间,将表明交易员正为流动性扩张布局。

反之,若鲍威尔强调政策谨慎性,或推迟明确 RMP 细节,比特币可能会维持在 8.2 万 - 7.5 万美元的较低整理区间 —— 这一区间集中了 ETF 持仓底部、企业库存储备门槛及历史结构性需求区域。

比特币会出现「投降式抛售」吗?

与此同时,比特币的内部市场动态进一步印证了「该资产正处于表层下重置」的观点。

短期持有者持续在市场疲软时抛售代币;随着挖矿成本接近 7.4 万美元,挖矿经济性已显著恶化。

与此同时,比特币挖矿难度出现了 2025 年 7 月以来的最大单次降幅,这表明边际矿商正缩减产能或彻底关停矿机。

然而,这些承压信号与「供应收紧」的早期迹象同时存在。

研究机构 BRN Research 向 CryptoSlate 透露:过去一周,大型钱包累计增持约 4.5 万枚比特币;交易所比特币余额持续下降;稳定币资金流入显示,若市场环境改善,资金正准备重新入场。

此外,资产管理公司 Bitwise 的供应指标显示,即便散户情绪处于「极度恐惧」状态,各类钱包仍在增持比特币。代币正从高流动性平台转向长期托管账户,这使得可用于承接抛盘的供应比例进一步减少。

这种「强制抛售、矿商承压与选择性增持并存」的模式,通常是市场形成长期底部的基础条件。

Bitwise 进一步补充道:

「比特币的资金流入持续收缩,30 天实际市值增长率已降至每月仅 0.75%。这表明当前市场的盈利了结与止损抛售大致平衡,亏损仅略多于盈利。这种粗略平衡意味着市场已进入『平静期』,多空双方均无明显主导权。」

技术面判断

从市场结构来看,比特币仍被两个关键区间所约束。

若持续突破 9.35 万美元,该资产将进入「动量模型更易触发」的区域,后续目标位分别为 10 万美元、10.31 万美元(短期持有者成本基准)及长期移动平均线。

反之,若面对美联储的谨慎信号无法突破阻力位,市场可能回落至 8.2 万 - 7.5 万美元区间 —— 该区间曾多次成为结构性需求的「蓄水池」。

BRN Research 指出,跨资产表现也印证了这种敏感度:在美联储会议前夕,黄金与比特币呈现反向走势,这反映的是「流动性预期变化驱动的资产轮动」,而非单纯由风险情绪主导的波动。

因此,若鲍威尔的表态强化了「储备金重建是下一阶段政策核心」的预期,资金可能会迅速转向那些对「流动性扩张」反应积极的资产。

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