比特币飞轮失效,Strategy 有哪些解套方式?

marsbitPublished on 2025-12-02Last updated on 2025-12-03

作者: Chloe, ChainCatcher

 

从十月至今 MSTR 已跌约 50%,去年一度涨到 457 美元的高光时刻后大幅回落,远远跑输大盘,MarketBeat 数据显示 12 个月低点约为 155.61 美元,高点超 450 美元,目前已经进入相对低估值低档,波动度极高。

而为何 MSTR 股价连月低迷不振,不仅远远跑输大盘,甚至表现比比特币本身还差?更让市场质疑,比特币飞轮效应是否已经失灵?

在牛市中享受双倍的快乐,在熊市中也要承受双倍痛苦

比特币价格暴跌是最直接的导火线。比特币自 10 月 6 日峰值以来已下跌约 31%,持有约 65 万枚比特币(占总量 3.1%)的 Strategy 自然无法幸免。MarketWatch 进一步计算,BTC-MSTR 的相关性接近 0.97,意味着两者几乎是一对一的联动关系,但由于杠杆效应,MSTR 的波动幅度被进一步放大,比特币跌 31%,MSTR 却跌超 50%。

市场也质疑,MSTR 赖以生存的飞轮模式是否走向失灵?Strategy mNAV 目前为 1.15,根据 CryptoSlate 指出,目前市场只愿意为 MSTR 支付比其比特币持有价值高 15% 的溢价,一旦 mNAV 跌破 1.0,继续发行股票将变得极具稀释性。彭博社也指出,随着 Strategy 的市值仅略高于其比特币持有价值,溢价被严重压缩,这个正向反馈循环正出现故障。

另外 Strategy 在 11 月 17 日至 11 月 30 日期间仅购买 130 枚比特币,支出 1170 万美元,这对一个持有约 65 万枚比特币的公司来说是微不足道的数量。说明 Strategy 已意识到在当前的溢价水平下,大规模发行股票会损害而非增进股东利益,因此主动踩下刹车。

金融时报也注意到,MSTR 股价从峰值下跌后,表现已开始不如比特币本身,让人质疑股权载体是否还能比单纯持有 BTC 增加更多价值。尤其是在比特币现货 ETF 已经推出、投资者可以更便捷地直接配置比特币的情况下,为何还要承担 MSTR 所附带的债务负担、管理风险和潜在的股权稀释?

另外,Strategy 今年更通过发行大量可转换债券和高息优先股来为其比特币购买计划融资,这些融资工具带来了沉重的固定支付负担。Seeking Alpha 的分析报告指出,这将年度优先股股息负担提高到数亿美元;而根据 CryptoSlate 的估计,这一数字可能高达每年 7.5亿至 8亿美元,这还不包括可转换债券的利息。问题在于,MSTR 的传统软件业务虽然每季度仍能产生 1亿美元以上的收入,但依然无法独立支撑这笔日益增长的优先股股息负担。

这也正是公司宣布建立 14.4亿美元现金储备的核心原因。

应对卖币套现疑虑,Strategy 设立美元储备金

周一 Strategy 宣布设立规模达 14.4 亿美元的美元储备金,专项用于支付优先股股息及现有债务利息,旨在应对外界各种质疑 Strategy 是否会“卖币套现”以支付优先股股息的声音。

根据 Strategy 新闻稿指出,其 14.4 亿美元来源于公司根据市场发行计划出售 A 类普通股所获收益。当前计划维持至少覆盖 12 个月股息支付需求的储备规模,并拟逐步强化储备金规模,最终目标是构建可覆盖 24 个月及以上股息支付的缓冲资金池。

而这次 Strategy 把绝大部分卖股筹得资金都投入了美元现金储备,并非像过往一样狂买比特币,可以说连 Saylor 在币价剧烈波动下都势必得找到更具防御性的财务操作。

不过即便储备金消息发布,市场反应依然冷淡,当日 MSTR 盘中跌超 11%,已连续四个月收跌。

随着公司 mNAV 长期贴近 1,象征着当初那套“卖股买币”飞轮策略已正式失效。CEO Phong Le 先前也坦言,若融资枯竭,公司最终可能考虑出售比特币。

储备金短暂解决市场疑虑,资本结构风险却依然未减

根据独立研究员 Spreek 指出,mNAV 全面下滑,比特币策略遇瓶颈,Saylor 早在今年已开始转向债务类工具作为新融资管道,这些与股票价格的直接关联较少,旨在避免进一步压低 MSTR 价格与 mNAV。

Spreek 表示,STRC 直接针对散户,强调稳定性和高收益,却忽略了底层风险,“STRC 比 MSTR 之前的产品更像 LUNA 和 UST”。不过 MSTR 的资产负债表还是比当年的 Luna 强大很多,但反射性(reflexivity)机制依然存在:Strategy 每调高一次产品利率,年度现金股息支出就显著增加,考虑卖出比特币来筹资可能只是早晚的事。

根据研究预测,Strategy 大致有三条可预见的轨迹。第一,选择收敛杠杆,转向保守姿态,不再大举发行 STR 系列优先股或债务、降低比特币的购买规模与速度,尽可能维持储备金且不出售 BTC,即使这意味着股价长期在 mNAV 之下运行,且这本质上是对比特币飞轮的默认终结,MSTR 将长期以折价交易。

另一条路径则仰赖外部宏观动能的介入,例如美联储的流动性注入或政治因素驱动比特币重燃热潮,让 Saylor 暂时脱离泥淖,重启旧有剧本:利用股价回暖发行更多股票与可转换债,在高位加码比特币,但这多半只是将延后终局,因为公司资金流入的结构性缺陷,总是追涨买入让 Saylor 即便方向正确,也仅仅维持在盈亏边缘。而从比特币视角来看,这是近期最有利的发展,能缓解卖压并支撑价格。

第三条路径则是通过 STRC 等优先股的加速扩张来维持运转,借由调升收益率吸引散户资金涌入,将债务规模推升至数十亿乃至上百亿美元。这在短期内看似优于直接抛售股票或比特币,能避开即时市场冲击并让飞轮暂时复苏,但先前提到的反射性(reflexivity)机制很可能将逐渐被放大:随着支付义务膨胀,目前年度股息已近 7.5 亿美元,未来可能成倍增长,公司将面临美元债务的沉重负荷,抛售比特币以筹资偿付到最后可能变成迫不得已的最后手段。

据彭博社最新报道,Strategy 首席执行官 Phong Le 表示,Strategy 正在考虑借出部分代币。这意味着Strategy 希望通过借贷业务获得新的收入来源,其年利率通常在 3-5%之间,但这距离具体落地仍然很远。

如今,Strategy 选择祭出 14 亿美元的储备金或许是基于坚持不抛售比特币策略的退让,但在面对现实之际,Strategy 也同步下修全年财测与关键绩效指标,设定比特币年底价格介于 8.5 万美元至 11 万美元之间;比特币全年账面美元收益目标,也从原本的 200 亿美元,大幅下调至 84 亿-128 亿美元,而 Strategy 更预估全年净利将落在亏损 55 亿美元至获利 63 亿美元的巨大区间内,较原先预估全年净利 240 亿美元大幅下调。

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363 Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

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