电力过剩债务缠身,老挝转向比特币挖矿?

marsbitPublished on 2025-10-06Last updated on 2025-10-07

债务缠身、电力过剩之际,“东南亚的电池”正把目光投向高耗能的加密货币挖矿以求盈利。

老挝立志成为“东南亚的电池”。多年大规模修建水电大坝虽让全国电力过剩,却也带来了迅速攀升的债务负担。

如今,为将过剩电力转化为经济收益,政府开始引入耗能巨大的加密货币挖矿业务 — — 此举既引发国际关注,也在国内引起争议。

在价值数十亿美元的数字资产挖矿产业,参与者通过解决复杂的区块链算法难题获得比特币等代币作为奖励,其以高能耗著称。

不过,老挝在湄公河及其支流上建设了数十个水电项目,如今电力供应已经超过市场能吸收的水平。

老挝(图为 2020 年,老挝波里坎赛省一处水电项目施工现场的工人。来源:新华社)

政府贸易数据显示,去年电力占老挝出口总额的 26%。这个内陆国家长期位列东南亚地区最贫困之列,正将廉价水电面向为实现气候目标而渴求能源的亚洲邻国进行销售。

不过,这轮水电建设热潮代价高昂。环保人士警告,大坝破坏了河流生态健康,损害了依赖高含沙水体的下游农业与渔业,并迫使成千上万人 — — 甚至可能达数万人 — — 搬迁。

批评者认为,这项政策在经济回报存疑的情况下,牺牲了当地生计与生态系统。

与此同时,老挝的债务不断累积。国际货币基金组织称,大坝融资很大一部分来自中国贷款与海外企业,但由于老挝缺乏将过剩电力外送的输电基础设施,这一投资回报缓慢。

老挝图为 2018 年,俄罗斯一家公司内,一名男子正在检查用于加密货币挖矿的机器。来源:法新社)

老挝官员目前在寻找新的方式将闲置电力变现。老挝国营的《万象时报》在一次高层会议后报道,决策者正在研究“长期经济机会”,其中包括“通过数字资产挖矿……使国家将过剩电力转化为经济价值”。

在监管部门对波动性数字资产风险保持审慎的同时,老挝已开始为本地加密货币交易平台与挖矿业务发放许可证。

这一举措出台之际,普通民众正面临居高不下的通胀,老挝本币基普(Lao kip)对美元在过去五年里贬值约一半。

更让局势雪上加霜的是,美国近期对来自老挝的出口商品征收 40% 关税,这是华盛顿贸易伙伴中第二高水平。

截至 7 月 12 日,美国总统唐纳德·特朗普对数十个经济体宣布新的关税税率,并将关税截止期限延长至 2025 年 8 月 1 日。

老挝(图片来源:白宫)

许多环保倡议者认为,转向加密货币挖矿是能源政策存在缺陷的表现 — — 该政策使老挝背上债务,且无法消化其过剩电力。

“允许把电力用于加密货币挖矿,显然不是由国内条件驱动的,”湄公河能源与生态网络(Mekong Energy and Ecology Network)负责人维通·彭蓬萨差隆(Witoon Permpongsacharoen)说,“这一做法源于老挝债务沉重,且无力偿还。”

矛盾的是,老挝在雨季发电过剩,但在枯水期水电出力下降时,却不得不从邻国购电。

国际河流组织(International Rivers)的皮安蓬·迪特斯(Pianporn Deetes)称:“老挝的大部分水电能源供应具有季节性;到旱季,老挝会从泰国回购电力。”

老挝(图为 2005 年,老挝一座因水电站建设而被淹没的村庄内,一位老挝老妇人与她的孙辈。来源:法新社)

迪特斯表示,对于为了建设库区与大坝而被搬迁的社区,原本承诺的改善生活大多未兑现;许多人并未迎来繁荣,反而面临更大困境。

她说,老挝有“把本国丰富的自然资源从人民手中拿走、令他们处境更糟而非更好”的风险。

尽管如此,在全球贸易风向变化之际,政府涉足加密货币挖矿的举动,已引起本地区寻求新增长源的广泛关注。

老挝目标在 2030 年成为成熟的数字经济体,并有望在明年从联合国“最不发达国家”名单中被除名。

老挝(图为老挝琅勃拉邦的湄公河景观。来源:法新社)

尽管中国 — — 老挝强大的北方邻国 — — 在 2021 年出于对金融稳定的担忧而禁止了加密货币挖矿与交易,老挝却因电价低廉而成为中国矿工的吸引地,这其中甚至不乏非法活动。

老挝政府的最新举措旨在把相关活动纳入官方监管,通过发放牌照征收行业税收。

国际货币基金组织认为,用过剩电力变现具备经济逻辑,但挑战仍然存在。

IMF 在去年 11 月警告称,老挝“公共债务水平显著,对其中期经济前景构成挑战”;在现行政策下,“通胀与债务重估可能加剧,意味着对增长在更长时期内形成显著拖累”。

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