「5 个月大涨 32% 的美股」碰上「恢复降息的美联储」,下周会发生什么?

Foresight NewsPublished on 2025-09-15Last updated on 2025-09-15

Abstract

创纪录的美股因美联储即将重启降息而面临拐点,市场在宽松预期与经济放缓的担忧中博弈。

撰文:张雅琦

来源:华尔街见闻

在经历了价值 14 万亿美元的大涨之后,高歌猛进的美国股市正迎来一个关键的拐点。市场预计,下周美联储将重启降息周期,然而,当一个由央行宽松预期驱动的牛市,遭遇到一股更深层次的、由被动投资引发的万亿美元资金浪潮时,传统的市场剧本可能不再适用。

自 4 月份的低点以来,受美联储今年将多次降息的预期推动,标普 500 指数已飙升 32%,市场几乎完全消化了下周三降息 25 个基点的预期。历史数据似乎站在多头一边,但近期包括就业报告在内的经济数据已亮起警示灯,引发了市场对经济「硬着陆」风险的担忧,投资者正激烈辩论美联储的行动是否为时已晚。

这场关于市场走向的辩论,核心在于经济放缓的速度,以及美联储需要采取多大力度的宽松政策来应对。交易员的押注不仅影响着资产价格,也决定了从科技巨头到小型公司的投资策略选择。

与此同时,一个深刻的结构性转变可能正在削弱美联储货币政策的传统影响力。一股由交易所交易基金(ETF)引导的万亿美元资金浪潮,正以「自动驾驶」的模式持续涌入市场,无论经济数据好坏,都为风险资产提供了稳定支持。这一现象让下周美联储的决议变得更加复杂:市场究竟是在为政策宽松喝彩,还是在自身强大的资金流逻辑下运行?

降息预期下的经济与市场博弈

下周三下午 2 点,全球市场的目光都将聚焦于美联储的会后声明、最新的利率预测「点阵图」以及半小时后主席鲍威尔的讲话。数据显示,利率互换合约已完全计入了至少一次 25 个基点的降息,并预计未来一年将有约 150 个基点的累计降息。若美联储的官方展望与此相符,无疑将鼓舞股市多头。

历史似乎是乐观者的「朋友」。根据 Ned Davis Research 追溯至上世纪 70 年代的数据,在美联储暂停加息六个月或更长时间后重启降息,标普 500 指数在接下来的一年里平均上涨 15%,这优于普通降息周期首降后 12% 的同期平均涨幅。

然而,担忧情绪同样真实存在。尽管目前经济增长相对强劲,企业利润也保持健康,但一些不祥之兆已经浮现,一份显示失业率升至 2021 年以来最高水平的就业报告加剧了人们的疑虑。GoalVest Advisory 的首席执行官 Sevasti Balafas 表示:

「我们正处在一个独特的时刻,投资者面临的最大未知数是经济放缓的程度以及美联储需要降息的幅度。这很棘手。」

万亿美元资金流重塑市场逻辑

传统上,美联储的基准利率是华尔街风险偏好的「总指挥」。但如今,这一逻辑正面临严峻考验。高盛集团首席执行官 David Solomon 本周直言:

「当你看到市场的风险偏好时,你不会觉得政策利率具有非常强的限制性。」

市场的表现印证了他的观点。今年以来,ETF 已吸纳超过 8000 亿美元资金,其中 4750 亿美元流入股市,有望创下年度流入超万亿美元的历史纪录。即便是 4 月份市场回调期间,据媒体汇编的数据,ETF 仍吸引了 620 亿美元的资金注入。这背后是一种被称为「自动驾驶效应」的结构性力量:数万亿美元的退休储蓄通过 401(k) 计划、目标日期基金和模型投资组合,被定期、自动地投入到被动型指数基金中。

StoneX Financial 的全球宏观策略师 Vincent Deluard 形容道:

「我们发明了一台永动机,无论估值、市场情绪或宏观环境如何,我们每个月都将大约 1% 的 GDP 投入指数基金。」

这种「非弹性需求」解释了为何即使在就业数据疲软或联储犹豫不决时,资金流入依然坚挺。市场研究也发现,当美联储意外降息时,大盘指数基金往往会放大涨势;而在意外加息时,则能缓冲跌幅。其原因是机制性的:ETF 的申购和赎回过程会一次性移动一篮子股票,从而在资金流入时放大需求,在流出时减轻冲击。

这一发现的结论是:ETF 在市场基础设施中的地位已变得如此核心,以至于它们能够影响货币政策在市场中的传导方式。

不过,这种看似永久的资金流也可能很脆弱。摩根大通的策略师 Nikolaos Panigirzoglou 指出,风险市场不会因为降息预期从 140 个基点变为 120 个基点而烦恼,「只有当美联储发出根本不会降息的信号时,他们才会真正感到担忧。」

投资剧本:降息周期中的板块轮动

面对即将到来的降息,投资者正积极部署自己的「交易剧本」,而历史经验提供了不同情境下的策略参考。

根据 Ned Davis Research 的策略师 Rob Anderson 汇编的数据,历史上的降息周期表现出清晰的模式。在经济强劲、美联储在暂停后仅进行一到两次「预防性」降息的周期中,金融和工业等周期性板块表现最佳。相反,在经济疲软、需要四次或更多次大幅降息的周期中,投资者更青睐防御性板块,医疗保健和必需消费品板块的回报率中位数最高。

财富管理公司 Robertson Stephens 的首席投资官 Stuart Katz 表示,市场取决于三大因素:美联储降息的速度和幅度、人工智能交易能否持续推动增长,以及关税风险是否会引发通胀。他认为,8 月份生产者价格的意外下降缓解了通胀担忧,因此他一直在买入对利率敏感的小盘股。

其他投资者则着眼于不同领域。XY Planning Network 的投资总监 Andrew Almeida 看好中盘股,他认为,尽管这一类别常被忽视,但在降息开始后的一年里,其表现通常优于大盘股和小盘股。他还青睐能从借贷成本下降中受益的金融和工业板块。

与此同时,也有投资者选择坚守今年的领涨股。GoalVest Advisory 的 Sevasti Balafas 继续持有英伟达、亚马逊和 Alphabet 的股票,押注于渐进的经济放缓不会颠覆这些巨头的盈利增长。

正如 Katz 所言:

「如果增长放缓,美联储会降息,但如果经济失速过快,衰退风险就会上升。所以,投资者对经济放缓的容忍度究竟有多高?时间会告诉我们答案。」

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