专访贝莱德 CEO Larry Fink:比特币是应对不确定未来的最佳对冲

比推Published on 2025-09-03Last updated on 2025-09-03

原文标题:Legends Live @Citi with Larry Fink, Chairman and CEO of BlackRock

嘉宾:贝莱德联合创始人、董事长兼首席执行官Larry Fink

主持人:花旗全球银行主席Leon Kalvaria

整理&编译:LenaXin,ChainCatcher


ChainCatcher 小编提要

本文整理自最新一期传奇人物对话@花旗,花旗全球银行主席Leon Kalvaria对话贝莱德联合创始人、董事长兼首席执行官Larry Fink。截至视频发布,贝莱德资产管理规模已达12.5万亿美元。Larry是如何做到的?

本期Larry将分享他在领导力方面的独特见解、他的职业生涯主题,以及他创造辉煌历程的经历。

ChainCatcher进行了整理和编译。

精彩观点摘要:

  • 真正改变华尔街的是个人电脑。

  • 深刻的教训:一是自认为拥有顶尖团队和市场认知,却未随市场进化思维;二是与所罗门兄弟竞争时,被争夺市场份额的野心蒙蔽。

  • 公司的基础是开发风险工具,贝莱德的文化深深植根于风险技术。

  • 人工智能与金融资产代币化将重塑未来的投资和资产管理

  • 资产管理行业的本质是结果导向

  • 投资者需寻找市场未充分认知的信息,旧闻已难创造超额收益

  • 若主动投资有效,ETF绝不会崛起。

  • 若美国经济增速无法持续达到3%,赤字问题将压垮国家。

  • 只要资产负债匹配且去杠杆化,损失便不会蔓延为系统性危机。

  • 比特币正是对不确定未来的对冲

  • 只有全程全情投入,才能持续拥有对话资格与行业话语权

(一)成长经历如何塑造Larry的领导力?

Leon Kalvaria:家庭背景如何塑造您独特的世界观与风险决策能力,最终成就全球视野下的卓越?

Larry Fink:我的父母非常优秀。他们是社会主义者,思想开明,尤其重视两件事:一是学业成就,二是个人责任。他们常对我说:“成年后若过得不如意,别责怪父母,责任在你自己。”

这种教导让我从小明白独立的重要性。10岁起,我便在鞋店工作,这段经历教会我如何与客户沟通、建立联系。虽然如今孩子们很少这么早工作,但那段时光让我早早成熟,学会了承担责任。直到15岁,我才真正开始规划更有目标的人生。

Leon Kalvaria:西海岸学术背景如何助力您在老牌企业中完成向领导者的转型?

Larry Fink:1976年1月,我在纽约面试时第一次见到雪。当时我是个典型的西海岸青年,戴着绿松石首饰,留着长发,常穿棕色西装。第一波士顿在众多公司中最吸引我,他们提供个性化培训项目,交易层的几位领导也让我感到亲切。他们直接安排我进入交易部门,这在当时并不多见。

那时的华尔街与现在截然不同。1976年,第一波士顿仅招聘14人。当时所有华尔街投行的资本总和总计仅约2亿美元,包括高盛、洛布罗兹、库恩勒布、雷曼兄弟、怀特韦尔、美林等(不含商业银行)。

当时投行像家庭作坊般运作,几乎不承担风险。资产负债表的扩张是从1976年后才开始的。

入职交易层的第一个月,我就确信自己能胜任这份工作。培训结束后,公司派我加入仅有三个人的抵押贷款及担保部门,这让我倍感振奋。

(二)Larry的创业历程

Leon Kalvaria:早期证券化实践的经历,让您对金融和风险产生了哪些根本性的新认知?

Larry Fink:真正改变华尔街的是个人电脑。在此之前只有门罗计算器或HP-12C这类工具。1983年抵押贷款部门配备了几台电脑,以如今标准看虽简陋,却让我们能重新思考如何整合抵押贷款池并计算其现金流特性。

通过处理实时数据重组现金流开启了证券化进程。当时许多计算仍靠手工完成,但利率互换等衍生品领域正因交易层技术应用而诞生。华尔街由此彻底改变。

贝莱德创立的重要契机是卖方技术始终领先买方。

Leon Kalvaria:你学到的最意想不到的教训是什么?从中你获得了哪些见解,可能塑造了你后来在贝莱德的领导力?

Larry Fink:谈谈我的职业轨迹吧,27岁成为最年轻董事总经理,31岁进入公司执委会,34岁时却因自负变得令人难以忍受。

当时团队至上的理念仅适用于盈利时期,84-85年我们成为公司最盈利部门,甚至创下季度纪录,但86年第二季度突然亏损1亿美元。这暴露出问题本质:盈利时被捧为英雄,亏损时80%的人不再支持,所谓的团队精神彻底崩塌。

我学到两个深刻教训:一是自认为拥有顶尖团队和市场认知,却未随市场进化思维;二是与所罗门兄弟竞争时,被争夺市场份额的野心蒙蔽。Lou早我一年因同类错误被解雇,我却未引以为戒。

我始终无法原谅公司盲目追加资本时,我未强力阻止;我们缺乏风险管理工具,却承担了无人知晓的风险。这段失败经历,最终成为滋养贝莱德成长的土壤。

Leon Kalvaria:是什么让您在普遍质疑与个人挫折的双重压力下,仍坚信创业能够成功?

Larry Fink:那段经历确实让我失去不少自信。尽管花了一年半才重整事业,期间收到多家华尔街公司的合伙人邀约,但总觉得不适合重复走老路。于是开始研究转向买方市场的可能性。

当时有两个重要客户愿意出资助我创业,但我独自创业信心不足,于是主动联系Steve Schwarzman。第一波士顿曾为黑石募集首期基金(规模约5.45亿美元),而凭借我们与储蓄机构的关系,我协助完成了部分募资。

通过Bruce Wasserstein的介绍,我结识了Steve和Pete。他们对我提出的构想很感兴趣,事实上,Steve比我自己更相信我,最终我成为黑石第四位合伙人。

辞职后那个周末,我在家举办开放日,约60-70人到场探讨我的新计划。我直接告诉部分人:“我离开后,你们反而能发展得更好。”当时公司经历了解体,有人离开有人留下,但这种坦诚为各方找到了更合适的道路。

(三)Aladdin 技术的开发与重要性

Leon Kalvaria:在金融危机期间,贝莱德被选中为美国政府提供关键咨询主要因素是什么?Aladdin技术是否因其早期布局成为决定性优势?

Larry Fink:公司初创时八人中有两名技术专家。我们投入2.5万美元购置了1988年刚发布的SunSpark工作站,这使我们得以在贝莱德自主开发风险工具。

从第一天起,公司的基础就是开发风险工具,贝莱德的文化深深植根于风险技术。

1994年通用电气(GE)旗下的Kidder Peabody破产时,我们凭借与GE的长期合作关系主动向CEO Jack Welch和CFO Dennis Damerman提出协助方案。外界普遍认为高盛将获聘,但我们凭借Aladdin系统获得委托,负责清算其不良资产。

我声明不需要咨询费,成功之后再付报酬。通过九个月运作最终该资产组合盈利,最终GE支付了史上最高咨询费。

我希望我的投资团队能够凭借自身的成功和能力立足,希望Aladdin能够与任何人竞争并获胜。我们决定向所有客户及竞争对手开放Aladdin系统。

2003年,我们遭遇了金融危机。凭借与美国政府及监管机构的信任关系,我们以相同理念参与多项救援。贝尔斯登周末受聘于摩根大通(JP)分析其资产组合;周五周六紧急协助JP评估风险时,我获准同步与财政部Hack、联储Tim保持沟通。

周日清晨六点Tim来电要求支援,我回应需先获摩根大通CEO Jamie许可才能转为政府服务。为加速进程,我们被美国政府直接聘用。

财政部长询问“美国纳税人会因接盘资产亏损吗?”我提出将本息纳入计算,因资产已大幅减记且利率极高,纳税人很可能收回资金。

此后我们相继受聘处理AIG重组及英、荷、德、瑞、加政府的危机应对。

(注:American International Group简称AIG,译为美国国际集团)

(四)年度致股东信用意何在?

Leon Kalvaria:您自2012年起撰写的年度致股东信,其核心创作理念是什么?是旨在记录关键转折、向投资者传递洞察,还是为了发表战略性宣言?

Larry Fink:除少数核心主题外,我写这些信从未试图发表宣言。若非2009年收购BGI成为全球最大指数机构,我根本不会动笔。当时我们承担大量股权管理责任,却仅拥有投票权而非处置权。

这与Warren讨论的理念一致,最初几封信的核心正是推广“长期主义”,为长期投资者思考长期趋势,这便是全部初衷。

(注:Larry Fink的股东信被Leon Kalvaria调侃称某种程度上是Warren Buffett的信的姊妹篇)

(五)未来重塑资产管理的大趋势

Leon Kalvaria:从您的角度来看,您认为有哪些大趋势,将重塑您未来的投资和资产管理?

Larry Fink:人工智能与金融资产代币化。今日与一位曾任财长及央行行长午餐时,他以私人身份坦言,银行业已在多领域被技术甩在后面。

巴西New Bank的创新实践正扩展至墨西哥,德国Trade Republic等数字平台也在颠覆传统,这些案例印证了科技重塑的力量。结合AI如何变革大数据分析更能理解其颠覆性,例如贝莱德2017年在斯坦福设AI实验室,聘请教授团队开发优化算法。我们管理12.5万亿美元资产需处理海量交易,而技术革新正推动我们回归责任本源。

Leon Kalvaria:这些工具将面向大众,如何确保透明度和问责制,同时保持贝莱德的优势?

Larry Fink:早期规模化运营商将更具优势,这令我对整个社会感到担忧,能承担AI技术成本的大机构将成为主导者。

但到第二代AI普及时,竞争优势将面临挑战。贝莱德当前优势实则远超一年前及五年前水平。我们对技术的投入已形成巨大规模,所有运营均基于技术架构,包括交易处理、流程优化、并购整合与统一技术平台,其体量远超外界认知。

Leon Kalvaria:私募资产领域的三大收购(Prequin/HBS/Bio)如何重塑投资者在私募市场的资产配置格局?

Larry Fink:今日财报会议重申持续变革的重要性。2009年收购BGI(含iShares)虽曾引发市场质疑,但“被动+主动结合+全组合聚焦”战略已获成功验证——iShares规模从3400亿美元跃升至近5万亿美元。

2023年,贝莱德私募业务显著增长,基础设施投资实现从零到500亿美元的突破,私募信贷快速扩张。客户需求超预期增长促使我们采取创新举措,公募、私募加速融合。技术进步将推动公私资产自由配置,这一趋势将覆盖所有机构投资者乃至401k计划。

收购Prequin成本仅为同业1/3,却是关键布局:通过整合E-Front私募分析平台与Aladdin公募系统,构建了公私资产全链条风控能力,助力投资组合融合与客户对话深化。

Leon Kalvaria:目前的退休资金状况如何?

Larry Fink:如果你能在30年内赚取50个基点,私募市场长期来看,你的收益会超过这个数字,否则流动性风险就不值得承担。合算下来,你的投资组合能增加18%。

四个月前贝莱德在华盛顿举办退休峰会,50名国会议员及众议院议长等人士参与晚宴。作为联邦政府退休计划的管理人,我们管理了12.5万亿美元资产中50%的退休相关资金。

(六)与全球领导者的关系及战略影响

Leon Kalvaria:当全球领导人就金融与地缘政治问题向您寻求个人建议时,您如何将投资专业洞察与地缘政治风险评估相结合?

Larry Fink:建立信任关系是基础。自2008年起,各国央行行长与财政部长便习惯与我深入交谈,所有对话仅存于办公室内。虽未签署正式保密协议,但信任如同我与CEO们的交流,核心在于对话绝不外泄。这些对话始终围绕实质性问题展开,我并非永远正确,但观点必基于历史与事实。

Leon Kalvaria:您长期担任众多领导者的导师,这种独特的沟通渠道堪称罕见。

Larry Fink:资产管理行业的本质是结果导向。我们不以资金周转或交易量盈利,而靠实际成果立足。我们深度参与全球退休体系(墨西哥第三大退休管理机构、日本最大外资退休管理公司、英国最大退休基金管理人),因此始终聚焦长期议题。

这种影响力无法复制,它建立在多年信任基础上。我会主动与各国新任领导人(如墨西哥的克劳迪娅、德国的基尔)在就职前会面,确保信息畅通,这正是我们独特价值的体现。

Leon Kalvaria:当你回顾你最近的职业生涯时,谁是你的导师和影响者?

Larry Fink:1999年上市时,贝莱德市值仅7亿美元。我们便吸引到美林CEODave Kamansky、通用电气Dennis Damerman等资深董事。董事会始终是我们的核心支柱。收购美林投资管理公司时,我们从美国固定收益机构转型为全球40国运营的企业,期间我反复与董事探讨管理模式。

如今董事会仍至关重要,思科CEO Chuck Robbins提供技术洞见,雅诗兰黛前CEOFabrizio Freda贡献营销智慧。这些跨领域专家让我持续依赖董事会推动发展。

(七)观众提问环节

Q:人工智能将如何重塑未来投资范式?您认为不同投资策略(个人投资者与机构)将如何演变?未来发展趋势将走向何方?

Larry Fink:每个投资者都需寻找市场未充分认知的信息,传统信息(旧闻)已难创造超额收益。人工智能通过分析差异化数据集生成独特洞察,我们的系统化股票团队持续12年跑赢市场,其基于AI算法与大数据的主题投资策略,在过去十年击败了95%的基本面选股者。

但这如同棒球运动,保持30%击打率已极难,连续五年达标更是凤毛麟角。仅有少数投资者能持续胜出。多数基本面投资者扣除费用后回报惨淡,这正是主动管理行业萎缩的核心。若主动投资真有效,ETF绝不会崛起。

传统资管公司市值低迷,许多2004年上市同行市值仅50-200亿美元,而贝莱德达1700亿,正因无力投资技术升级。我们与传统代理的差距将持续扩大。

Leon Kalvaria:当前市场最被低估的黑天鹅风险是什么?若美国经济增速无法维持3%(即便通胀受控),可能引发哪些系统性危机?

Larry Fink:若美国经济增速无法持续达到3%,赤字问题将压垮国家。

2000年赤字8万亿美元,25年后飙升至36万亿且持续恶化。唯有保持3%增长才能控制债务/GDP比率。但市场对此存疑。更深层风险在于:

1. 20%美债由外国持有,若关税政策导致孤立主义,美元持有量可能减少;

2.多国发展本土资本市场(如贝莱德在印度募资20亿、沙特启动MBS业务),导致国内储蓄滞留本国,削弱美债吸引力;

3.稳定币与货币数字化可能降低美元全球作用。

解决方案在于释放私人资本、简化审批流程。日本、意大利等国同样面临低增长引发的赤字危机。

尽管私人信贷领域可能存在黑天鹅事件,但更高匹配率决定当前资本市场系统性风险低于往年。只要资产负债匹配且去杠杆化,损失便不会蔓延为系统性危机。

(八)为何Larry对数字资产态度发生转变?

Leon Kalvaria:您对数字资产(尤其是稳定币)的立场演变背后有哪些关键因素?是否因其他机构以超乎想象的速度拥抱该领域而改变了您的观点?

Larry Fink:我曾与Jamie Dimon同场讨论时严厉批评比特币,称其为“洗钱与盗窃的货币”,这是我2017年的观点。

但疫情期间的思考与调研改变了我的认知:一位阿富汗女性用比特币为塔利班禁雇的女工发放薪资。银行系统被控,而加密货币成为出路。

我逐渐认识到比特币背后的区块链技术具有不可替代的价值。它并非货币,而是应对系统性风险的“恐惧资产”。人们因担忧国家安全、货币贬值而持有,20%比特币虽属中国非法持有者。

若不相信未来20-30年资产增值,何必投资?

比特币正是对不确定未来的对冲,高风险与快速变革的环境要求我们持续学习。

(九)Larry的领导原则

Q:您的核心领导原则是什么?尤其面对行业剧变且需灵活调整战略时,如何保持领导力的一致性?

Larry Fink:必须坚持每日学习,停滞就意味着落后。领导大型企业没有“暂停键”,唯有全力以赴;要想成为顶尖者,必须不断挑战自我,并以同样标准要求团队。我从业五十年,至今仍追求每一天都是最佳状态。

归根结底,只有全程全情投入,才能持续拥有对话资格与行业话语权。这份权利需要每天用实力争取,绝非理所当然。


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