许倬云:比特币的出现,像是魔法师设下的赌局

深潮Published on 2025-08-04Last updated on 2025-08-05

魔法师在玩弄他的魔杖。

撰文:许倬云

本文发布于 2020 年 4 月

在美国已经非常普遍的信用卡制度。信用卡的流行,也影响到货币流通量;由于货币流通的迅速,即使发行量还是稳定,因为流动的速度增快,也就等于将货币的提供量相对地提高了若干倍。

世界上第一张信用卡,是由弗兰克·麦克纳马拉发明

在我记忆之中,二战以前,信用卡并不普遍,只有与银行有很深关系的个人,或者公司行号,才能以信用状,在外面付款,然后由银行支付。

那时候,最著名的卡片,大概只有三种,一种是富商大贾,在豪华的旅馆、餐饮等等,请客时用,称为「食客俱乐部(Diners Club)」。另外一种,更为炫耀的是「空白信用卡(Card Blanc )」,意指这种卡片持有人,可以填写任何数字的支出,让对方向银行收款。

第三种则是美国流行的「美国通运卡(American Express)」,这种卡片,是持卡人与美国的电报公司取得协议,旅行者在外,可以随时用这卡片支付款项,而由当地的电报公司垫付,月底才结帐。

American Express

这些卡片都是具有特权者,或是身分特殊的人才能使用。他们的会员费,也相当昂贵。因为数量不多,而且每一个持卡人,都在银行有相当的存款,银行不怕他们不认帐。于是,这些卡片的运行,也不会影响到整个货币流通量。

二战以后,美国的经济繁荣,尤其因为五零年代,美国的公路系统四通八达,航空业也迅速发展,使得旅行者愿意持有卡片,方便他们在旅途使用。于是,除了上述几种有限的卡片以外,各个银行纷纷发行信用卡,有些百货公司,甚至于油公司,也都发行类似的卡片。

卡片流行到一个地步,大的单位,例如学校,也可以发行信用卡,和银行合作,承认该校某个同仁可以携带卡片,在购物时挂帐。

身着制服的哈佛大学学生

信用卡的泛滥,造成了一个危机:有些人用了很大的数字,也不实时还帐,一跑了之,由于卡片发行非常容易,许多发行者应该核对申请人的信用,却没有做到,又引发另外一重弊病。

一位持卡人,虽然明知卡片的过期偿付,必须支出十九到二十多百分比的利息。这位持卡人,也许就申请别的卡片,偿付上一张卡片的债务。

八零年代左右,常看的现象:一个人的皮夹中,可以掏出十几、二十几张卡片,「以卡养卡」。到了最后,巨量欠债,持卡人一走了之,或者申请破产,也就前债全消。

以卡养卡,往往使得个人信用破产

为了抵制这种弊病,现在的信用卡制度,一分为二,一种是传统的信用卡,另一种则是预支卡。后者的预支款项,在银行中的户头上,直接扣除;刷卡时,机器立刻反映这个户头是否有足够的存款待领?经过如此安排,卡片刷爆的情形,已经比较少见。

可是,大量的卡片在市面上流传,从持卡人的刷卡,到持卡人的付账之间,通常一个月的时限。这一段时期的空白,众多卡片的使用量来计算,也就等于是有数倍于货币流通量的信用,在外流传。

这种通货膨胀,其实并不容易管制;其对于市面的影响,表面上看来,可以促进繁荣;但实际上,却是掩藏了无拘束通货膨胀的严重性。以上关于信用卡的问题,也是反映着今天的货币,已经脱开了真正当年由政府保障的安全性。

大量信用卡流通,可能导致通货膨胀

货币本身,以信用的方式,在市面上膨胀若干倍,而无人能约束。一个国家的经济,或是一个市场的经济,几乎就立足在空虚的泡沫之上。这些泡沫,会刺激货币的生产量,造成生产过度,而无以偿付的窘态。如果不加管制,太大的泡沫破裂,经济也就崩溃了。

最近又出现了一个现象,更是由虚拟的符号,代替实质的货币。2017 年 11 月 19 日,芝加哥 Merchandise Market 宣布,将「比特币(Bit Coin)」正式纳入交换货品。

所谓比特币,乃是计算各国货币比价的计算机程序之中,特别设计的一个虚拟单位。这一单位量的价值非常微小,所以称为 bit,经过这个程序,可以将世界各国货币换算之际,随时取得一个比价的标准。这一运算标准,是虚拟的单位,并不是任何国家货币,也并不能用来支付任何债务,现在居然成为可以买卖的「货品」。

世间本没有比特币,居然可以成为投资对象

在市场上,比特币的价格随时增高、降落,非常敏感。有人就在空头之间,投机取巧,上一时买进多少比得币,下一时卖出多少比得币。到了这个地步,交换的货品就不是真实具有独立价值的产物,也不代表后面有支撑这个货品的信用。

世间并没有比特币的存在,如此一个虚拟的单位,空洞无物,居然可以当做交换投资的对象。现代的经济走到这个地步,确实已经离开了生产、消费之间的关系,市场成为一个赌局,经济成为博弈。

这就不是我们理解的资本主义,而是货币堆积起来的假象。然而,因为有利可图,就有人在其中兴风作浪。人类制造的假象,居然可以影响到本来应该自行趋衡的经济。我们只能说,魔法师在玩弄他的魔杖。

魔法师在玩弄他的魔杖

美国的经济发展,是由开拓荒地、增加农场品,货品的购买力,然后设立工厂,生产基本原材料,例如,钢铁,以及机械,最后生产日常的消费品。这种的资本主义生产方式,是以货币支付设备和劳动的费用,也许还要加上运输,还有土地的取得。

在这个生产成本上,单位产品的价码,加上原始资本在这一段时期,应当获得的利息,成为消费品的价格。投资者取得利润,也就以利息代表的赢利。

各个阶段的工作者,包括生产线上的工人,到最后一个阶段,替顾客包扎货物的店员:这一条在线,许多劳工领取薪资——这是正规资本主义,生产体系和交换体系构成经济制度。

美国肉禽生产线上的工人

今日,经过了一百多年的演变,高度工业化,以及由于科技研究成果,得以不断更新的生产模式;如此制度优越的现代工业文明,居然陷入一个虚假泡沫的信用经济!

信用经济不断地以膨胀维持繁荣;以刺激欲望,增加消费量,而且惟恐其流转的速度不够迅速。上述的种种行为,维持了这个泡沫,不断扩大。无论经济理论如何玄妙的解释,以常识而论,这种制度体质并不扎实。

特朗普的「美国第一」,宁非梦想?

经济全球化的时代,别处的经济体质正在成长中日趋充实,而美国却是日趋空洞。美国的经济霸权,如何能持久不塌?特朗普不明白这一现象,却号称恢复「美国第一」,宁非梦想?

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