加密从业者,可能构成职务侵占罪吗?

深潮Published on 2025-08-03Last updated on 2025-08-04

从币安、欧意等一些大所的动作来看,未来对于内部腐败的打击力度只会越来越大。

撰文:刘正要

引言

最近遇到了两个有关加密行业从业者可能涉嫌职务侵占犯罪的咨询,所以有必要针对这个问题专门写一篇小文进行分析,以期对加密行业从业者中的普通员工或高管、领导提供参考,明晰法律红线,共同正向建设 web3。

一、拆解职务侵占的刑法构成

如果从我国《刑法》规定上看职务侵占罪,其实并不复杂——公司、企业或者其他单位的工作人员(主体身份),利用职务上的便利,将本单位财物非法占为己有,数额较大的行为(客观行为)。对于职务侵占罪有三档刑期:一般情节的,处三年以下有期徒刑;数额巨大的,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑;数额特别巨大的,处十年以上有期徒刑或无期徒刑(行为后果)。

根据相关的司法解释,职务侵占犯罪的立案标准为 3 万元,门槛还是很低的。

二、加密行业的特殊性

自 2017 年「9.4 公告」(《关于防范代币发行融资风险的公告》)以后,内地的发行虚拟货币融资(融币)的所有项目被叫停,部分在内地运营的虚拟货币交易所迁出中国;2021 年「9.24 通知」(《关于进一步防范和处置虚拟货币交易炒作风险的通知》)以后,内地所有的与虚拟货币相关的经营活动被定性为「非法金融活动」,虚拟货币交易所在中国内地完全失去合规运营的法律依据,悉数迁出到海外。

对于其他涉虚拟货币的业务活动,如虚拟货币和法币的兑换业务、虚拟货币之间的兑换业务、作为中央对手方买卖虚拟货币、为虚拟货币交易提供定价和信息中介等等业务活动在内地也被禁止。

目前国内相对安全的加密创业一般是区块链项目(不涉及到发币)、虚拟货币钱包公司等。

虽然,「9.24 通知」禁止境外的虚拟货币交易所通过互联网向内地居民提供服务,但是以华人背景成立的虚拟货币交易所中的内地用户数量仍然占比一半以上;内地的深圳、杭州、上海等地还有一些境外虚拟货币交易所的技术团队、客服团队。

这种情景在其他行业并不多见——国家政策上宣布某项业务非法,但是实际上该业务还在内地「稳健」的存在,甚至现在司法机关还会和这些境外从事非法金融活动的公司进行某种形式的司法「合作」。比如国内司法机关向境外的虚拟货币交易所进行调证申请,并将相关证据作为指控犯罪嫌疑人涉嫌犯罪的证据。

三、币圈员工可能构成职务侵占罪的主体吗?

如上所述,职务侵占罪的犯罪主体必须是「公司、企业或者其他单位的工作人员」,如果是一家从事「非法金融活动」的境外公司(如虚拟货币交易所),或者其在国内的分支机构、实控公司等能成为职务侵占罪上的「公司、企业或其他单位」吗?

这就不得不提北京市高院官方账号在《借职务之便「获取」虚拟货币行不行?法院:刑!》一文中的观点:面对辩护律师提出的被害人(公司)的项目涉及虚拟货币,理应风险自担,不受法益保护等意见。法院则认为:虚拟货币交易风险及公司(被害人)项目性质并不影响依据查明的事实及相应法律规定对被告人(涉嫌犯罪)的行为予以法律评价。

简单翻译一下就是,在虚拟货币交易所的业务场景中,如果交易所的员工存在职务侵占等犯罪行为时,其并不会因为交易所自身的业务是否在内地合法或违法就不评价了。

还有一个问题是,如何证明张三或李四就是某个虚拟货币交易所或其他加密行业公司的员工呢?表层上以从有无签订《劳动合同》、缴纳五险一金等形式上判断,更重要的是看公司有无对员工有管理、支配给付劳动报酬等职能。

对于虚拟货币交易所或其他加密行业的公司,在现实操作中一般不会直接以自己的名义在内地雇佣员工,可能会采用劳务公司等「中介机构」或其他实控公司(在内地并不经营涉币类业务)作为劳动用工主体;当然也有更加「洒脱」的 web3 用工模式——不签订任何的劳动合同,直接以 USDT 或其他代币发放工资。此时,如何确定职务侵占罪的被害人身份在实务中有很大争议。作为控告方(公诉方)或辩护方都可以「八仙过海各显神通」来维护己方的合法权益。

最后一个问题就是,如果涉案的资金、财物是虚拟货币,是否构成相应犯罪呢?以职务侵占罪为例,利用职务便利侵占属于公司的 USDT、ETH、BTC 等虚拟货币构罪的话,实务中争议可能不大,因为这些主流的虚拟货币具有财产属性已经成为司法理论和实务上的共识了;但是,如果侵占的公司自己发行的代币呢?或者是侵占某种未来的预期利益(比如还未解锁、上市的代币)是否构成职务侵占罪?这些都是争议巨大的领域,也是专业的 web3 律师(无论是做辩护还是控告)大有可为的领域。

四、非国家工作人员受贿罪在加密行业的适用

对于一些加密从业者,可能存在这样一种法律场景:可能同时涉及到职务侵占罪和非国家工作人员受贿罪。比如在最高院发布的《最高人民法院发布促进民营经济发展典型刑事案例》一文中,提到的「石某玉非国家工作人员受贿、职务侵占案」。

大概案情:石某玉利用职务上的便利,在引进其他公司与本公司的合作业务(虚拟货币奖励)中,非法收受其他公司给予的财物共计 608 万元;同时,利用职务上的便利,在前述两公司合作开展的虚拟货币业务中,通过本公司的多个账号将虚拟货币变现后转入其控制的个人银行账户,非法占有本公司的财物共计 366 万元。

最终,石某玉被北京市海淀区法院判决认定同时构成非国家工作人员受贿罪和职务侵占罪,数罪并罚,执行有期徒刑 12 年。

结语

在去年 12 月就传出以币安为代表的一些虚拟货币交易所开始严查内部腐败问题,今年 3 月份爆出的币安员工老鼠仓事件其实是加密行业的「沧海一粟」;由于虚拟货币行业中的中心化机构并不能像传统金融、证券机构被严密监管,加密机构从业者的内幕交易、与做市商、项目方的内外勾结等事件确实层出不穷。但是这些事件的违法成本又很低,查处的难度也较大(除非犯一些低级错误);站在辩护律师的角度看,涉币类职务侵占犯罪或非公受贿犯罪辩护的空间也相对较大。

但是,从币安、欧意等一些大所的动作来看,未来对于内部腐败的打击力度只会越来越大。再加上新加坡和香港等国家和地区对于 web3 产业的合规监管越来越严格,刘律师相信像虚拟货币交易所或者其他加密行业的内部合规发展会与传统的互联网公司不断趋同甚至进化。

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