BitMEX创始人Arthur Hayes认罪,了解加密杠杆之王兴衰史

区块律动Published on 2022-02-28Last updated on 2022-02-28

Abstract

刚开始创业的时候,亚瑟没想过能把生意做得那么大。

2 月 25 日,据彭博社报道,BitMEX 两位联合创始人 Arthur Hayes 和 Benjamin Delo 已经于本周四在纽约法庭对违反美国银行保密法表示认罪,美国司法部将 BitMEX 定性为「洗钱平台」,鉴于他们的行为,Arthur Hayes 和 Benjamin Delo 被要求每人支付 1000 万美元的罚款,同时还可能面临 6-12 个月的监禁。
从 2020 年 10 月开始,BitMEX 就持续遭遇美国监管打击,CTO 被捕,CFTC 对平台和创始人起诉等等,在监管的压力下,早已没有了曾经全球最大加密货币衍生品交易平台的风采,甚至连刚刚发行了平台 Token 都没有在市场中掀起任何波浪。
加密世界的新玩家,可能对这家曾经的巨头还不了解,市场还在混沌之时,Arthur Hayes 发现了市场空白,成为了加密世界的一代霸主。
从被裁到亿万富翁
虽然注册在塞舌尔,但亚瑟 · 海耶斯(Arthur Hayes)选择将 BitMEX 总部设在了世界金融中心——香港,这里不仅是加密交易的天堂,也是亚瑟最初起家的地方。
亚瑟和 BitMEX 不缺钱。2018 年 8 月,财大气粗的亚瑟斥巨资租下了长江中心第 45 层,按照每平方英尺(0.09 平方米)花费的 28.66 美元,打破此前记录,一举成为全球最贵办公室。每月租金总计超过 50 万美元,这样的大手笔,让 BitMEX 得以与高盛、巴克莱银行等世界级金融机构平起平坐。

香港

闲暇时候,他可以站在高高的落地窗前,瞭望对面繁华的城市夜景,豪气万丈。创业 6 年,亚瑟已经成为了加密世界最知名的创业者之一,由他创办的 BitMEX,巅峰时每日交易量达 30 亿美元,30 天交易量超过 1200 亿美元,只要有人来交易,平台就能源源不断地稳赚手续费。相比于亚瑟早年稳稳的搬砖经历,这才是真正的日进斗金。
刚开始创业的时候,亚瑟没想过能把生意做得那么大。
七年前,为了生活,22 岁的亚瑟不得不在已经呆了几年的德意志银行忍受着减薪,一段时间后,亚瑟跳槽去了花旗银行,但突如其来的裁员潮,让刚刚安定下来的亚瑟,又不幸成为其中的一员。这个从宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院毕业的高材生,就这样失业了。
出生于美国布法罗一个中产阶级家庭的亚瑟,曾考虑从事房地产行业,最终选择了金融。没有工作后,是继续找下家打工,还是创业,成为了摆在这位黑人小伙面前的两个选择。

香港

在被裁掉的一个月前,他在网上看到了比特币,这个新奇的东西吸引了他的注意。当时,这个有别于传统金融产品的比特币,随着价格水涨船高,吸引了越来越多投机者,亚瑟发现,多家交易平台之间的比特币价格有着明显的差价,看到机会的他,很自然地就成了一个「搬砖者」。
当时,由于银行的转账限制,他甚至会在香港乘坐一小时的巴士到深圳的银行,取出所允许的最高提现额 2 万元,再带回香港,过程虽然繁琐,但完全合规。就是凭着这样一次次的人工「搬砖」,他积累了人生的第一桶金。
赚到钱的亚瑟没有满足于现状,他很快瞄准了开设交易平台的生意,在他这样的金融老手眼里,市面上还没有一个能让他满意的交易平台,为什么不自己创立一个呢?
2014 年 1 月,不再满足于搬砖套利的亚瑟,找到了两个合伙人,一是毕业于牛津大学的计算机科学家本·戴罗(Ben Delo),另一个是来自美国的资深程序员山姆·里德(Samuel Reed),三人一拍即合,共同创立了 BitMEX。
BitMEX 极具传统金融产品基因,它不像大多数平台提供各类加密产品,它就是一个单纯的期货合约平台,提供高达 100 倍的杠杆和永续合约,会来这里交易的,几乎都是专业的加密货币投资者。
平台刚刚面世时,市场拓展并不顺利,「在 2015 年的大部分时间里,BitMEX 的交易量都很可怜」,「有时甚至 0 交易。」亚瑟回忆,但到了 2015 年 10 月,当团队将杠杆率上限从 3 倍提高至 100 倍时,用户开始蜂拥而至,前赴后继地参与这场没有时间限制,不是瞬间暴富,就是瞬间破产的惊险游戏。
由于 BitMEX 独一无二的产品,平台随后获得了迅猛发展,以至于很长一段时间内,BitMEX 一度霸占了整个衍生品市场的王座。2018 年年初,早就走出当初被裁阴影的亚瑟在接受彭博社采访时,意气风发:「为什么你还要在银行上班受罪?是时候冒险了,试一试。」
享受着高昂手续费收入的亚瑟和 BitMEX,每天确实都在「冒险」。
BitMEX 遭多个国家和地区驱逐
即使 BitMEX 已经成为了全球最大的比特币期货交易平台,占据着比特币期货交易中最大的市场份额,即使亚瑟在 Twitter 上开开心心地分享着交易平台激动人心的数据,告诉人们在 BitMEX 上未平仓金额超过 10 亿美元,永续合约总交易量超过 2 万亿美元。
但交易平台行业的达摩克利斯之剑始终悬在亚瑟头上:BitMEX 并没有合规的执照。
2020 年 3 月 4 日,英国金融监管机构 FCA 对 BitMEX 发出警告,称其并没有执照,未经许可就在英国开展交易平台业务。
监管机构特意在声明中表示,没有许可的金融业务很有可能与诈骗有关。显然,即使 BitMEX 在行业内已经无人不知,但在监管机构眼中,没有执照几乎与诈骗无异。
对此,BitMEX 也没什么办法,如果他们不能在英国 FCA 给定的注册截止日期,也就是 2021 年 1 月前完成英国的合规化,那 BitMEX 只能暂停英国地区的业务,关闭英国用户的账号。
而他们也不是第一次被迫这么干了。
2019 年初,据媒体报道,由于美国监管机构限制,BitMEX 不得不关闭美国用户的账户。虽然 BitMEX 对此消息予以否认,但可以想象,对加密货币行业监管要求与合规性要求最严厉的美国,没有得到监管许可的 BitMEX 很难在美国监管机构的关注下自由开展业务,美国商品期货交易委员会对 BitMEX 的调查,就证明了这一点。
随后,加拿大监管机构 AMF 严重警告了 BitMEX,称其在加拿大非法运营,要求关闭魁北克省用户的账户。
更倒霉的是,2019 年 11 月,香港证监会 SFC 发布《监管虚拟资产交易平台立场书》和《香港证监会发布监管虚拟资产交易平台发牌照条款和条件》,正式准备让虚拟资产交易合规化。而 BitMEX 似乎提前判断了香港的监管趋势,在 8 月份就宣布,停止为香港用户提供加密货币交易服务。
虽然 BitMEX 在公告里面表示,关闭香港用户的账户并不影响业务体量,可要知道,BitMEX 总部的办公地点正是香港长江中心,租金最昂贵的办公楼之一。损失香港用户,不可能不影响业务体量。
于是,BitMEX 不得不陆续禁止越来越多的国家和地区用户访问,包括:美国、加拿大魁北克省、中国香港地区、塞舌尔、百慕大等等。
与此同时,其他平台开始在衍生品业务上发力,Binance 、FTX 等平台开始吸引流量,蚕食份额。大部分人对 BitMEX 最后的印象,就是 2020 年「312」的拔网线拯救加密市场,在市场慌乱和绝望的最后时刻,拥有最大空单持仓量的 BitMEX 关闭了平台的交易功能,给了比特币几分钟喘息时间,无抵抗下跌的比特币当天的最低价格最终停止在 3300 美元,这也是近两年的最低点。
随后,2020 年 10 月,CTO 被捕、监管机构 CFTC 宣布起诉 BitMEX 及一众创始团队,Arthur 辞去 CEO 一职,离开 BitMEX,2021 年 4 月投案,2022 年 2 月认罪,曾经的杠杆之王也许还要面临 6-12 个月的监禁。

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