加密货币“老兵”:主流币系列之比特币、以太坊、瑞波币

火币资讯Published on 2022-02-16Last updated on 2022-02-17

Abstract

主流币并非一成不变,既有加密的“老兵”,也包括新势力。

主流币简述

主流币,顾名思义是受到币圈主流认可的加密货币,一般指市值排名前十并且存在时间较长的币种,例如以太坊(ETH)、莱特币(LTC)、瑞波币(XRP)等。

但随着币价的波动,加密货币各个币种市值也会发生较大的变化,从而引发市值排名的变动。那么,要判断其是否是主流币,有哪些因素可供我们参考呢?

1.有较强的技术实力和应用背景。技术是区块链网络最基本支撑,若无技术的强大支撑很难在币圈存活下去。而目前数字货币趋于落地应用,技术只能决定一个项目有没有发展前景,任何技术最终都是服务实体项目的。

2.有强大的共识。任何币种被纳入主流币行列,必须得到市场的全面认可,获得强大的共识。

3.交易所上币情况。任何币种被纳入主流币行列,必须要在币圈的主流交易所上线,有丰富的交易市场。

4.市值。作为最直观的判断标准,市值也是衡量一个币种是否能纳入主流币的重要因素。

比特币

比特币(BTC)的概念最初由中本聪在2008年11月1日提出,并于2009年1月3日正式诞生。根据中本聪的思路设计发布的开源软件以及建构其上的P2P网络。比特币是一种P2P形式的数字货币。比特币的交易记录公开透明,点对点的传输意味着一个去中心化的支付系统。

与大多数货币不同,比特币不依靠特定货币机构发行,它依据特定算法,通过大量的计算产生。比特币经济使用整个P2P网络中众多节点构成的分布式数据库来确认并记录所有的交易行为,并使用密码学的设计来确保货币流通各个环节安全性。P2P的去中心化特性与算法本身可以确保无法通过大量制造比特币来人为操控币值。基于密码学的设计可以使比特币只能被真实的拥有者转移或支付。这同样确保了货币所有权与流通交易的匿名性。比特币其总数量有限,总数量将被永久限制在2100万个。

目前比特币主要被用作一种投资形式。它的特征更像商品而非传统货币。这是因为它超出了单一经济体的直接影响力,并且基本上不受货币政策变化的影响。尽管如此,也有一些可能影响比特币价格的其他因素。

从用户的角度来看,比特币就是一个手机应用或电脑程序,可以提供一个个人比特币钱包,用户可以用它支付和接收比特币。这就是比特币对于大多数用户的运作原理。此外,任何人都可以利用专门硬件的计算能力来处理交易并为此获得比特币奖励。这一服务经常被称作“挖矿”。

比特币相比于其他货币和金融产品,其优缺点也十分明显。

优点:1. 支付自由,无论何时何地都可以即时支付和接收任何数额资金;2. 自己选择手续费,目前对比特币支付的处理不收取手续费或者仅收取极少的手续费;3.降低商家风险,比特币交易是安全,不可撤销的,并且不包含顾客的敏感或个人信息,避免了由于欺诈或欺诈性退单给商家造成的损失;4.透明和中立,关于比特币资金供给本身的所有信息都存储在区块链中,任何人都可以实时检验和使用。

缺点:1. 接受程度低,仍然有很多人不知道比特币;2. 波动性,相对较小的事件,交易或业务活动都可以显著地影响其价格;3.处于发展阶段,大部分比特币业务都是新兴的,尚不提供保险。

总体来说,比特币尚处于成熟的过程当中。

以太坊

以太坊(Ethereum)通常被认为是仅次于比特币的第二大流行加密货币。2013年,以太坊创始人Vitalik Buterin (V神)发布了以太坊初版白皮书。他采用区块链的原理,自行设计一个新的平台,以供大家开发程序。

以太坊是一种通过支付小额费用向任何人发送加密货币的技术,是属于全世界的可编程区块链。基于它还能创建永不停机、人人可用的各种应用。以太坊并不仅仅意味着支付。它还是一个聚集了各种金融服务、游戏和应用的自由市场。

以太坊提供了一套图灵完备的脚本语言,它允许任何人编写智能合约和发行代币。以太坊是去中心化的,由全网共同记账,账本公开透明且不可窜改。

以太坊的核心有两点,一是智能合约,二是共识机制。开发者可以通过以太坊平台给出的编程语言开发程序,大家把代码规则都制定好,然后将代码写到以太坊平台上,一旦触发规则的条件,代码会由程序自动执行。整个过程都交给机器去执行,排除掉人为的干预,这就是所谓的智能合约。运行智能合约所产生的数据,会由以太坊的PoS(权益证明)共识机制进行处理。节点把这些数据打包成区块,发到整个网络进行同步。

以太坊发行自己的加密货币ETH。这既可以作为激励机制,由矿工们挖矿获得,又可以作为支付手段购买Gas,充当手续费。验证者必须先锁定一部分ETH作为质押,大部份验证者所认可的区块才会被记录到区块链网络,然后相应获得一定权益比例的ETH奖励。

同比特币一样,以太坊也有明显的优缺点。

优点:1.以太坊允许用户在区块链上使用完整的编程语言,在网络上执行更复杂的智能合约,不需要依靠任何第三方服务;2.以太坊可为其他产品和服务平台提供强大的生态系统;3.以太坊拥有一个强大的发展路线图(3-5年),这意味着社区对未来几年的预期有明确的标准;4.有很多公司参与改善以太坊以外的基础。

缺点:1.因为以太坊是一个平台,它永远不会像专门设计成加密货币的其他一样有效;2.以太坊的一些重大升级包括将工作证明转移到证明权益的平台,如果这种转换不顺利,可能会在架构中引入一些关键问题并导致系统崩溃;缺乏帮助开发人员的教程或文档是成为以太坊开发人员的严重障碍;4.越来越高昂的手续费用也是以太坊的一大缺点,虽然目前已经向以太坊2.0发展,但高昂的手续费没有明显改善。

瑞波币

Ripple是基于区块链的数字支付网络和协议,它于2012年首次发布,由Chris Larsen和Jed McCaleb共同创立。Ripple的主要流程是一个支付结算资产交换和汇款系统,类似于银行和跨货币交易的金融中间商使用的国际货币和安全转移的SWIFT系统。XRP是Ripple Labs开发的产品的本机加密货币。它的产品用于付款结算,资产交换和汇款系统,其工作方式更像SWIFT。

Ripple网络没有使用区块链挖矿概念,而是使用独特的分布式共识机制来验证交易,其中参与节点通过进行轮询来验证交易的真实性。XRP 在特定月份中任何未使用的部分将被转移回托管账户。 这种机制确保不会出现由于XRP加密货币供过于求而造成的误用,而且要花费很多年才能使用所有加密货币。不同于比特币、以太坊和许多其他使用PoW机制的加密货币。XRP 是一种非挖矿加密货币,其基于区块链的分类账完全由公司管理。

Ripple改善了传统银行的一些缺点。即使平台频繁处理数百万笔交易,交易仍会在Ripple网络上在几秒钟内结算。这与银行可能需要数天或数周才能完成电汇不同。 在Ripple上进行交易的费用也极低,标准交易所需的最低交易成本为0.00001 XRP,而银行为进行跨境付款则收取了高额费用。

但XRP相对来说缺点也同样突出,主要有以下几个方面。1. XRP不能像比特币一样开采,基于共识的分类账完全由公司管理。有社区声音表示,Ripple是中心化的,它对代币的控制与加密货币的去中心化性质和目标形成鲜明对比。2. Ripple Labs拥有约550亿XRP。这在专注于去中心化的加密货币行业中被视为一种相当不正常的情况。3. Ripple目前仍持有目前XRP供应量的一半以上,它还使用XRP销售额作为季度收入来源。如果XRP被视为债券,这将引入许多社区可能不喜欢的监管限制。4. XRP代币的使用仍然没有达到预期的程度。

(本文根据公开资料及文章整理而成。)

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