Strategy 暂停增持比特币是否引发市场波动?

比推Published on 2025-07-09Last updated on 2025-07-09

作者 | 叮当(@XiaMiPP

原标题:“头号巨鲸”Strategy暗示暂停增持,BTC迎来关键转折点?


Strategy(原 MicroStrategy)CEO Michael Saylor 在上周日发文表示:「有些时候你只需要持有(Some weeks you just need to HODL)。」市场解读为其暗示暂停购买比特币

作为全球比特币持币量最大的上市公司,Michael Saylor 一贯的投资理念就是「比特币至上」,投资者也已经习惯了其将「买入」写进 DNA 中。所以,Strategy 的每一次暂停,都会触动市场最敏感的那根神经,尤其在此前连续 13 周增持 BTC 的情境下。

比特币财库的重量:Strategy 影响市场的方式

截止至 7 月 8 日,Strategy 的比特币持仓总量已经达到 59.7 万万枚,占总供应量的 2.84% ,不仅遥遥领先其他上市公司,其持币体量甚至是前 100 大上市公司(除 Strategy 外)合计的 2.3 倍。

根据 Strategy 提交给美国 SEC 的 8-K 文件信息,截至 6 月 30 日,Strategy(MSTR.O)数字资产价值为 643.6 亿美元,平均成本为 70, 982 美元 / 枚,其中 2025 年第二季度比特币公允价值总值升值 140 亿美元。

换句话说,Strategy 不仅是比特币的大鲸,更是这个市场价格情绪的杠杆,Strategy 的一举一动都会触动市场敏感点。从 2025 年以来的几次暂停购买的行为来看,几乎都预示着短期行情的回调,而这次会例外吗?

Strategy 暂停购买和比特币走势关联性

筹资飞轮:优先股的资本游戏

Strategy 原本是一家以企业分析软件起家的公司,自 2020 年起核心战略转向将比特币作为主要储备资产,旨在对冲通货膨胀并实现资产增值,Strategy 也因大规模投资比特币而名声大噪。

为持续购买比特币,Strategy 需要大量资本。因此,其选择通过发行优先股筹集资金。自 2025 年 2 月起,Strategy 先后发行了三种优先股,分别为 STRF、STRK 和 STRD,对应不同的收益机制和风险优先级:

  • STRF: 10% 累积股息、最高优先级。若未支付,股息将以每年额外 1% 的速度复利,最高可达 18% 。

  • STRK: 8% 累积股息,附带可转换期权。

  • STRD: 10% 非累积股息、低优先级,更多用于面向市场大众的广泛分发。

这种结构的设计核心在于让 Strategy 在不严重稀释普通股股东权益的前提下,持续撬动新资本进入,为其源源不断的比特币购买提供弹药,从而维持「发股—买币—涨股价」的飞轮闭环。

从市场表现来看,MicroStrategy(MSTR)显著优于比特币本身,尤其在近期「加密美股」热潮的推动下。STRK 和 STRF 作为较早发行的优先股,市场表现也非常优越,而较晚发行的 STRD 也展现出不俗的潜力。从价格走势来看,STRK 和 STRF 近期表现尤为亮眼,甚至极大地超越了 MSTR 的股票表现。

值得注意的是,在 3 月份,这场优先股发行计划就吸引了内部高层亲自下场。根据美国证券交易委员会披露文件显示,数名 Strategy 内部人士买入其最新推出的优先股,涉及公司 CEO、CFO 等高管,其中首席执行官 Phong Le 以 85 美元的价格购买了 6, 000 股优先股,首席财务官 Andrew Kang 购买了 1, 500 股,总法律顾问 Wei-Ming Shao 购买了 500 股。这种「自购」行为既是信号,也释放出公司对未来回报的强烈预期。

6 月 5 日,Strategy 宣布公开发行 11, 764, 700 股 10.00% A 系列永久 Stride 优先股,发行价为每股 85 美元,并在 6 月 10 日完成交割,募资约 9.8 亿美元。就在今日,Strategy 再次宣布已签订一项新的销售协议。根据该协议拟发行 STRD 股票募资 42 亿美元,并预计将根据 ATM 计划准备「按需、分阶段」持续融资。这个飞轮,正在转得越来越快。

杠杆的另一面:增长引擎,亦是风险导火索?

根据 Strategy 在 5 月 1 日发布的 2025 年第一季度财务报告显示,其通过优先股、可转换债券和普通股的 ATM 发行,累计筹资接近 100 亿美元,几乎全部投入比特币。这种高杠杆操作放大了比特币上涨带来的账面收益,但也推高了现金流负担,尤其是优先股带来的年化 8% ~ 10% 利息开支。

截至目前,MSTR 市值约 1129 亿美元,企业估值在 1200 亿美元左右,对应净资产倍数为 1.7 。虽然仍处于合理区间,但这条线的弹性,依赖于两个支点:一是比特币价格的持续强势,二是外部融资环境的顺畅与稳定。

而从营收端来看,公司自身「造血」能力疲软。据@0x ChainMind 提供的数据, 2024 年公司软件业务收入仅为 4.63 亿美元,创下 2010 年以来最低纪录。

从 Q1 的财务报告看,公司主营业务在 2025 年第一季度总收入为 1.111 亿美元,同比下降 3.6% (2024 年 Q1 为 1.152 亿美元)。不过,订阅服务收入 3710 万美元,同比增加 61.6% ,显示云服务和订阅模式的转型取得成功,是收入的亮点。如果仍使用旧的减值模型计算,运营费用与损失大概在 1.9 亿美元左右(这里存在争议点,Strategy 也因此面临集体诉讼),现金储备为 6030 万美元。如果按此数据推测,运营费用只能被勉强覆盖。公司若想维持运转与支付优先股 8% -10% 年化利息(每年支出高达 3 ~ 5 亿美元),就必须依赖「持续融资」来维持飞轮运作。

报表背后的「爆雷」: 59 亿浮亏,集体诉讼在路上

Strategy 面临集体诉讼的原因是其在 2025 年第一季度首次采用 FASB 新会计准则(ASU 2023-08)。按照新规,公司需将加密资产按公允价值计量,而不再仅在贬值时计提减值。这意味着比特币价格的任何波动,都会实时、直接地反映在利润表上。

结果是,Q1 单季度,Strategy 披露了 59 亿美元的未实现浮亏,直接引发 MSTR 股价在该季度暴跌 8% 。

更糟糕的是,公司被指控未能及时、全面地披露这些浮亏风险。纽约知名律所 Pomerantz LLP 旋即在弗吉尼亚东区法院对 Strategy 发起了集体诉讼,控诉其在 2024 年 4 月至 2025 年 4 月间「存在虚假与误导性陈述」,涉嫌违反联邦证券法。目前该案件正在推进中,投资者可在 7 月 15 日前申请加入集体诉讼。Strategy 表示将积极应对,但并未对案件结果作出预测。

这意味着,比特币价格不仅决定 Strategy 的资产价值,也正在决定它的法务风险、融资能力与投资者信心。

市场的声音

Michael Saylor 发文表示,Strategy 开发了一套 BTC 信用模型,综合考虑贷款期限、抵押覆盖率、BTC 价格、波动率及年化收益预期,用于生成比特币风险和信用利差的统计数据。Strategy 正通过旗下 STRK、STRF 和 STRD 推动信贷市场的数字化转型,这也意味着,Strategy 的路径已经不仅仅是买比特币,它更像是构建了一个围绕 BTC 资本化与金融化的系统闭环。

风投机构 Breed 的报告指出,Strategy 因规模、持仓和抗周期能力,或将成为加密财政模式的长期幸存者,并有 91% 概率于 2025 年第二季度纳入标普 500 指数。

但并非所有人都如此乐观。一些分析师指出,在牛市中这个飞轮运转顺畅,但一旦步入熊市,其偿债结构、优先股利息、现金流稳定性将受到严峻考验。

7 月 1 日,TD Cowen 在研究报告中重申了对 Strategy 的「买入」评级,并维持其每股 590 美元的目标价。其表示,尽管存在风险,Strategy 的股价相对于其持有的比特币(BTC)净资产值(NAV)出现溢价是合理的。该机构表示,Strategy 的「股权 -BTC 循环」(equity-to-BTC loop)模式使其能够利用其股票发行收入购买更多比特币,从而推动更高的股价和进一步的比特币购买,形成了良性循环。

从当前的数据来看,Strategy 的短期现金流仍能「勉强维持」,其比特币持仓是公司资产负债表上的绝对主角。但这也正是它的最大风险所在:它的繁荣几乎建立在 BTC 价格稳定或上涨的假设之上。从某种意义上说,Strategy 已经不再是一家传统意义上的科技公司,它更像是一家用软件外壳包装的「比特币高杠杆资产管理平台」。

说明: 比推所有文章只代表作者观点,不构成投资建议

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