特朗普大漂亮”法案通过,一文读懂“大漂亮”法案最终版

华尔街见闻Published on 2025-07-04Last updated on 2025-07-04

Abstract

该法案的成本引发了投资者和经济学家对未来借贷需求规模的担忧。按照目前轨迹,到2035年,美国债务负担将超过经济规模的118%。

几经波折,特朗普政府推动的3.4万亿美元税收和支出法案获美国国会通过,标志着美国国内政策方向的重大转变。

当地时间周四,美国众议院以218票对214票的微弱优势通过了特朗普政府“大漂亮法案”的立法,赶在特朗普设定的7月4日最后期限前送交总统签署。特朗普表示计划于周五下午4点在白宫举行的仪式上签署这项法案。

该法案在国会两院的“闯关”过程充满了戏剧性,周三众议院领导层不得不将早期程序性投票延长数小时,以说服少数反对者支持该立法,此前副总统JD Vance在参议院以51票对50票的表决中投出关键一票打破平局。

这项立法标志着美国财政政策的重大转向,从拜登时代的清洁能源投资和社会保障扩张,转向延续特朗普第一任期内的减税、国防开支增加和移民执法强化的政策组合,大幅削减了医疗项目、食品援助和清洁能源项目的资金。

减税条款永久化,哈佛等私立大学面临8%的净投资收入税

法案永久延长了特朗普2017年《减税和就业法案》的大部分个人和遗产税条款,这些条款原定于2025年底到期。延长的条款包括提高标准扣除额、降低大多数纳税人的所得税税率、增加儿童税收抵免,以及将个人免征联邦遗产税的遗产金额翻倍。

法案还兑现了特朗普2024年竞选承诺的新税收优惠,包括对小费和加班费免税,但仅持续到2028年。来自纽约等高税收州的众议院共和党人成功争取将州和地方税收扣除(SALT)上限从1万美元提高到4万美元,年收入超过50万美元的纳税人扣除额将逐步减少。五年后,该限额将回到1万美元。

哈佛等拥有大额捐赠基金的私立大学将面临8%的净投资收入税,高于目前的1.4%税率。法案还取消了2022年拜登政府制定的电动汽车和气候项目税收抵免,并为美国制造汽车的汽车贷款利息增加新的税收减免。

社会保障项目面临大幅削减

法案对社会安全网项目进行了大幅削减,特别是医疗补助计划(Medicaid),未来十年将削减近1万亿美元。根据国会预算办公室(CBO)的估计,到2034年,该法案对医疗补助计划的修改可能导致1180万美国人失去健康保险。

具体措施包括:

为医疗补助接受者增加工作要求

限制各州征税医疗保健提供者以资助该计划的能力

为补充营养援助计划(SNAP)增设新的工作要求

要求各州承担SNAP计划更大比例的成本

CBO估计,SNAP的扩大工作要求将减少约320万人参与该计划。

提高债务上限,增加移民与国防支出

该法案大幅增加军事支出和移民执法资金,包括:

近470亿美元用于美国南部边境墙的建设

450亿美元用于拘留中心

此外,法案还将国家债务上限提高了5万亿美元,消除了财政部预测可能在没有国会行动的情况下最早在8月中旬出现的市场震荡性支付违约风险。

关税收入难以覆盖减税成本

据美国国会预算办公室(CBO)预测,该立法将在未来十年为美国赤字增加3.4万亿美元。

特朗普政府声称减税和放松管制带来的经济增长,以及关税收入,将有助于抵消法案成本。白宫经济顾问委员会计算,法案的减税措施将在四年内将通胀调整后的国内生产总值提高4.2%至5.2%。

白宫贸易顾问纳瓦罗曾表示关税将在10年内产生约6万亿至7万亿美元,而财政部长贝森特则称关税每年可带来3000亿至6000亿美元。

然而,大多数经济学家预测特朗普的关税产生的收入将远低于税收和支出法案在十年内对政府造成的收入损失估算成本。

据CBO估计,截至5月13日实施的特朗普关税将在2035年前的十年内减少预算赤字2.8万亿美元,而无党派的税收基金会则将这一数字估计为约1.4万亿美元。

该法案的成本引发了投资者和经济学家对未来借贷需求规模的担忧。按照目前轨迹,到2035年,美国债务负担将超过经济规模的118%。

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