浅论公链的治理

深潮Published on 2025-07-01Last updated on 2025-07-01

BTC 也是一条公链,但是没有所谓的治理问题。

撰文:刘教链

周末参加社群链项目开会时,谈了谈有关于公链治理问题的思考。

首先要说一下为啥会出现所谓的公链治理问题。

BTC 也是一条公链,但是没有所谓的治理问题。为什么?因为 BTC 没有治理(governance),至少是没有人们通常认为的链上投票治理机制。

通常认为,在 BTC 整个生态系统中,有三股力量彼此博弈并取得平衡,因而相互制衡和约束。这三股力量分别是:掌握客户端代码修改权限的维护者;掌握区块链出块权力的矿工;掌握 BTC 所有权并可以用脚投票的持币者。

代码维护者如果擅自把未取得广泛共识的规则代码合并发布,那么就会遭到矿工不采用该版本软件的抵制,严重时会遭到持币者抛售砸盘、逃离项目的最终否决。除了抵制和逃离,矿工和持币者还可以选择支持其他维护者发布的软件版本,从而让某个维护者团队及其产品被市场抛弃。

矿工如果违背共识,试图篡夺代码控制权,那么就会遭到开发者社区和持币者的一致反对和声讨。开发者社区和持币者可以抛弃被少数矿工劫持的链,继续运行符合社区共识的原链。不过,黑暗森林法则告诉我们,这只适用于篡权矿工掌握的总算力小于支持原链的矿工的总算力的情况,否则,篡权矿工可以动用压倒性的算力对原链发起攻击,并彻底摧毁原链。

这里就向我们展示了枪杆子和笔杆子的辩证关系。枪杆子是物质力量,具有决定性作用。但是,谁来指挥枪杆子?笔杆子。笔杆子不只是代码的被动实现,而是要主动塑造社区的共识。因此,一切斗争归根结底都是意识形态斗争。笔杆子何以指挥得了枪杆子?关键在于笔杆子代表了人心向背,代表了最广泛的共识,代表了最广大社区人民的理想。

谁是社区人民?是持币者吗?不完全是。支持 BTC 的持币者,是社区人民;反对 BTC 的持币者,是内奸,是斗争的对象;支持 BTC 的非持有者,是朋友,是统一战线;反对 BTC 的非持有者,是敌人,是竞争对手。

人民之间,对技术路线有不同方案,只要大家都是支持 BTC 的,那就是人民内部矛盾,可以协商调和。但是如果某人是出于反对 BTC 甚至打倒 BTC 的目的,那么就成了人民坚决斗争和专政的对象。对于专政对象,必须坚决压迫,剥夺其言论自由,将其驱逐出社区。说白了,宪法只保护人民的权利,而内奸,没有资格享受那些人民才配享有的权利。

所以,很显然的,任何一种意识形态都会坚决排斥不认同或者反对它的人。笔杆子最重要的是要搞清楚,如何团结最大多数的人,争取到他们的支持,让社区获得最多的人民,从而获得最大的力量。

互联网平台是笔杆子、枪杆子二合一,从而导致用户只能在选择忍受和愤而逃离之间二选一。中本聪巧妙的设计把网络运行和代码开发剥离,让二者相互约束和制衡。更重要的是,让二者都无法形成垄断:代码开源使得任何人都有机会建立新的代码库,分流更广泛的共识;算力网络的加入退出完全匿名并无需许可,加上 PoW 出块机制的随机性,让网络节点运行和区块链生成变得难以被独占。

但是当我们讨论到非 PoW 公链时,就很难完全照搬 BTC 的无治理模型。

说白了,PoW 是拜占庭问题的唯一解。当我们去掉了 PoW 之后,就只能引入一定的治理机制,来弥补 PoW 缺失所带来的问题。

比如说对于 Jouleverse 链所用的 PoA (Proof-of-authority),就必须对记账节点进行真实性和独立性审查,以避免经典的女巫攻击(sybil attack)问题。

资格审查,就势必提高了加入门槛,并且不能像 PoW 那样彻底的无许可准入。只能说,为了保障尽可能的去中心化程度,这个资格审查的门槛要足够低,但是又不可以低过维持最低安全性的限度。

至于这样的链还能不能称之为公有链,这纯粹是一个概念定义的问题。这里并不想进行这种纯概念性的辩经,意义不大。

回到实质。还有一个问题就是激励。PoW 不仅保障了无许可的极低准入门槛(唯一的门槛是有钱买设备,再加上一点点技术),还兼任了把作为激励的 BTC 发给矿工的任务。PoA 没有这个自动发放激励的能力,因此这里也需要治理工作,定期对贡献进行评估、统计和激励发放。

公司管理,从某种意义上讲,做的就是评估、统计和激励的事儿。这个事儿拿到区块链的环境下,应该怎么做,就成了一个新的课题。

照搬公司制吧,可能会形成中心化,是中心化就会产生腐败和失灵,进而遭遇单点失败问题。彻底去中心化吧,靠社区自觉自发自动,效率就特别低,以至于完全丧失了时效性,比 PoW 的实时激励就差了很多。

也有很多成功的区块链项目采用了公司(融资和管理主体)结合 DAO(持币者社区)的方式,比如 Uniswap、Aave 等。甚至以太坊,背后的主力推动组织以太坊基金会,其实本质上也是一家中心化的公司。但是对于需要更高去中心化程度的公链项目,可能就不太适合。

也许需要把去中心化的顶层治理和借鉴自公司制的组织管理结合起来。比如顶层设立一个董事会,但是董事会并非像公司制是按照出资额和股份比例来享有话语权,而是由社区投票选举出来的。而董事会之下,从董事会任命的 CEO 和诸高管开始,都仍然沿用公司制的组织管理方法,设岗定人,考核激励,毕竟这样的架构最容易被经过现代公司制训练过的大多数打工人所轻易理解,不至于陷入不知自己是谁、不知道自己该干什么、不知道自己干了之后能得到什么结果的迷茫。

或许可以把这样的链上公司称为 DAO 或者什么其他东西。但是实践永远是走在理论前面的。适合于区块链的治理形式,都还在探索的路上,任重而道远。

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