比特币要被美国房贷体系「收编」?私人市场已试水6500万美元

Odaily星球日报Published on 2025-06-26Last updated on 2025-06-26

Abstract

如果美国联邦住房金融局选择推进这项政策,标志着加密货币正从投资品向实用金融工具转变。

原文作者:BitpushNews

比特币要被美国房贷体系「收编」?私人市场已试水6500万美元

当地时间 6 月 25 日,美国联邦住房金融局(FHFA)局长普尔特(Bill Pulte)突然发文,表示已要求房利美(Fannie Mae)和房地美(Freddie Mac)——这两家掌控美国超半数房贷的「隐形巨头」,研究将比特币等加密货币纳入抵押贷款评估体系!

比特币要被美国房贷体系「收编」?私人市场已试水6500万美元

消息一出,比特币应声暴涨 2.2% ,站上 10.7 万美元,市占比飙升至 66% 。

值得注意的是,Bill Pulte 是美国最大房屋建造商之一 Pulte Homes 创始人 William J. Pulte 的孙子,于 2025 年 3 月特朗普第二任期内被任命为局长。

比特币要被美国房贷体系「收编」?私人市场已试水6500万美元

与他的前任不同,Bill Pulte 自 2019 年以来一直公开支持加密货币,并利用其社交媒体影响力促进数字资产的采用并鼓励政策开放。

财务披露显示,他个人持有价值 50 万至 100 万美元的比特币和相同规模的 Solana 头寸。他还持有美国比特币矿企 Marathon Digital Holdings 的股权,并曾投资 GameStop 等投机性股票。

房利美 / 房地美干啥的?

房利美(Federal National Mortgage Association, FNMA)和房地美(Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, FHLMC)是美国两家由政府赞助的企业(Government-Sponsored Enterprises, GSEs)。

它们并非直接向购房者提供抵押贷款的银行,而是在二级抵押贷款市场中扮演着至关重要的角色。通过充当做市商(即持续买家),它们确保了贷款市场的流动性。

这个角色可以粗略类比为中国的「住房公积金管理中心」+「国有银行」+「二级市场证券化平台」的组合体,但运作模式更市场化。

根据全美房地产经纪人协会的数据,截至 2025 年,房利美和房地美支撑着约 70% 的抵押贷款市场。这意味着,大多数由私人贷款机构提供的常规贷款最终都会由这两家实体之一支持或购买。

比特币要被美国房贷体系「收编」?私人市场已试水6500万美元

FHFA 成立于 2008 年美国房产市场崩盘后,旨在加强监管并维护抵押贷款金融体系的安全性和流动性。其发布的任何政策变动,都将对潜在购房者和整个金融行业产生深远影响。

尽管 FHFA 对抵押贷款承销中加密资产的审查仍处于早期和探索阶段,但其考虑本身反映了加密资产相关性和领导层优先事项的转变。

加密资产可能如何被评估?

在美国,目前想要在抵押贷款流程中使用数字资产的借款人必须首先将其转换为美元,并将资金存入受监管的美国银行账户。为了符合房利美和房地美的首付或储备金指南,这些资金还必须「成熟」,即必须在账户中保留至少 60 天。

比特币要被美国房贷体系「收编」?私人市场已试水6500万美元

FHFA 的审查预计将研究这些规定是否需要更新。一个可能的重点领域是资产估值。由于比特币等加密资产的波动性,贷方在评估借款人资产时可能不愿接受其全部市场价值。传统金融中常用的方法是应用「折扣」(haircut),即从声明价值中扣除一部分,以应对潜在的价格波动。加密货币是否会采用类似的调整尚不确定。

持有历史也可能受到审查。贷方通常更青睐长期持有的资产,而非短期持有。有清晰文件、一致托管和最少交易活动的资产,可能比近期获得或频繁转移的资产更有分量。

稳定币可能会被单独考量。像 USD Coin(USDC)和 Tether(USDT)这样的代币旨在相对于美元保持稳定价值,这可能使它们更适合承销目的。即便如此,稳定币的处理也将取决于监管机构对其结构、托管安排和透明度标准的接受程度。

私人市场已抢先试水

位于美国佛罗里达州的贷方 Milo Credit 于 2022 年推出了美国首批加密抵押贷款产品之一。允许借款人质押数字资产(如比特币、以太坊或某些稳定币)作为抵押品,而无需出售加密货币并支付现金首付。这种设置使客户无需清算其加密资产即可获得高达房屋价值 100% 的融资。截至 2025 年初,Milo 报告称已发放超过 6500 万美元的加密抵押住房贷款。

比特币要被美国房贷体系「收编」?私人市场已试水6500万美元

类似地,由前 SoFi 首席执行官 Mike Cagney 领导的金融科技公司 Figure Technologies 也探索了大规模的加密支持抵押贷款计划,提供高达 2000 万美元的贷款,使用数字资产作为担保。

此外,Ledn 推出的「比特币储蓄账户」也可以被看做是一种抵押贷款产品,允许用户以 50% 的 LTV 比率获取美元贷款。

然而,这些私人产品在联邦抵押贷款系统之外运作。它们的贷款不符合转售给房利美或房地美的资格,这意味着它们无法受益于与传统贷款相同水平的流动性和风险分担。因此,利率往往更高,贷方通常会自己保留贷款或与替代投资者合作进行融资。

另一个限制是风险。加密抵押贷款通常需要超额抵押——即借款人必须质押超过贷款金额的加密资产价值以抵消波动性。但即使有这种缓冲,价格波动也可能带来挑战。

总而言之,如果 FHFA 选择推进这项政策,标志着加密货币正从投资品向实用金融工具转变。虽然具体落地还需时日,但已经向市场释放出强烈信号:主流金融体系正在为加密资产敞开大门。

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453 Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

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