在迈向比特币超级大国的关键时刻,美国为何矿企要倒下了?

marsbitPublished on 2025-06-24Last updated on 2025-06-25

特朗普的比特币挖矿雄心

特朗普曾承诺将美国打造成全球比特币挖矿之都。然而近期全面加征的关税政策,却让这一雄心陷入了两难之地。

美国总统特朗普稍作停顿,享受着台下热烈的掌声。在加密货币大会「比特币 2024」现场,面对一群狂热的比特币信徒的欢呼,他阐述了将美国打造成比特币挖矿超级大国的计划。

「我要让比特币在美国被开采、铸造和生产,」他对台下的观众说道,「你们会对我非常满意——你们会高兴得不得了。」

自重返白宫以来,特朗普基本兑现了他的竞选宣言:他着手建立国家比特币储备,撤换了上届政府中对加密公司打击最严厉的监管机构负责人,并任命了一位「加密沙皇」来为该行业制定明确的监管规则。然而在比特币挖矿这一关键领域,这位美国总统迄今为止的做法却显得矛盾重重,他一边扶持本土矿企,另一边又通过关税政策增加了行业的运营成本。


关税政策的两面性

4 月 2 日,特朗普宣布对 57 个国家实施惩罚性新关税,其中对来自中国货物征收的关税(后调整为 55%),以及对印尼、泰国和马来西亚征收 24% 至 36% 的关税(中国公司在这三个国家生产部分矿机)。这一政策让依赖中国供应商的美国矿企,包括特朗普家族新成立的挖矿公司「美国比特币」(American Bitcoin)正在面临硬件成本飙升的挑战。

然而,这些关税也带来了一线希望:它们可能扶持美国本土的小型矿机制造商,因为美国制造的矿机不受新进口关税的影响。

美国硬件制造商能否真正抓住这一机遇,很大程度上取决于他们的潜在客户,美国矿企能否承受关税政策带来的经济冲击。

为确保供应链稳定,矿企通常与硬件制造商签订长期采购协议。如今这些公司不得不面对一个棘手的问题:它们可能需要对尚未交付的中国矿机订单支付高昂的关税。

面对成本上升的压力,许多美国矿企已经开始调整业务方向,转向人工智能(AI)和其他数据中心业务,以寻求更稳定的利润来源。这一趋势使得「比特币超级大国」的愿景,即由美国公司在美国本土使用美国制造的矿机进行开采,在起步阶段就面临夭折的风险。

「如果情况继续这样发展,挖矿业务将持续被挤出美国,」投资公司 CoinShares 的比特币研究主管 Chris Bendiksen 表示,「我们可能已经见证了美国挖矿业的巅峰。」

白宫发言人 Kush Desai 在给 WIRED 杂志的声明中驳斥了关税可能破坏特朗普比特币挖矿雄心的说法。

「两件事可以同时完成,」他说道,「我们既可以通过关税政策推动硬件制造本土化,也可以利用能源政策降低比特币矿企的运营成本。」


比特币挖矿的硬件军备竞赛

比特币挖矿本质上是一场硬件军备竞赛。矿企必须不断升级设备,以确保自己的算力足以击败竞争对手,从而赢得处理交易区块并获得比特币奖励的权利。

在这一领域,两家中国制造商比特大陆 Bitmain 和 MicroBT 几乎垄断了全球市场。剑桥大学下属机构剑桥另类金融中心 CCA 估计,这两家公司合计控制了 97% 的矿机市场份额。

尽管过去几年里,不少挑战者试图打破这一双头垄断格局,但均未能在硬件性能或生产成本上取得突破。「这条路上遍布失败者的尸体,」Bendiksen 评论道。

新关税政策迫使许多依赖中国矿机的美国矿企重新审视它们的供应链策略,并寻找替代方案。

分析师认为总部位于 Santa Clara 的矿机制造商 Auradine 可能是最大的受益者之一。该公司成立三年来,一直难以撼动比特大陆和 MicroBT 的市场地位。然而,自特朗普宣布新关税后,Auradine 的客户咨询量激增。

「我们看到了前所未有的市场兴趣,」Auradine 联合创始人兼 CEORajiv Khemani 表示,「矿工们希望确保自己在任何政策环境下都能对冲关税风险。」

为了抓住这一机遇,Auradine 近期推出了新一代比特币矿机产品线,并在 C 轮融资中筹集了 1.53 亿美元。赫马尼透露,该公司即将宣布一批在关税政策后签约的高知名度客户。


MARA Holdings 的布局

Auradine 的明星客户之一是 MARA Holdings,这家美国上市矿企不仅参与了 Auradine 的创立,还持有该公司 8540 万美元的股权。

MARA CEO Fred Thiel 表示,尽管 Auradine 的矿机目前仅占该公司运营设备的一小部分,但在 2025 年的新订单中,Auradine 的产品占比已达到约 50%。

「在地缘政治风险和关税风险并存的环境下,如果美国制造的矿机与中国制造的矿机价格相同,你会怎么选?答案显而易见,」蒂尔说道,「如果未来某天美国政府突然禁止进口中国矿机,而你已经支付了 3 亿美元的订单定金,那你的处境将极其被动。」

然而,Auradine 能否真正从关税政策中获益,仍取决于美国矿企能否承受关税对其现有订单的冲击。

目前的时机对矿企来说可谓雪上加霜。尽管比特币价格上涨带来了一定的利润空间,但行业竞争加剧、交易费用下滑、比特币区块奖励减少等因素,已经大幅压缩了矿企的利润率。

与此同时,矿企还面临来自 AI 公司的激烈竞争,后者凭借充足的资金实力,正在抢夺美国有限的能源资源。美国能源部的最新预测显示,到 2028 年,AI 行业的电力消耗可能达到全美家庭用电量的 22%。

在美国运营的比特币挖矿公司包括 Riot Platforms、Bitfarms、MARA、CoreWeave、Core Scientific、Hut 8、Iris Energy 等已纷纷寻求多元化发展,退出挖矿市场,改造其设施以适应人工智能训练和高性能计算。只有少数大型公司(如 CleanSpark)仍然专注于比特币挖矿。

「矿工一直是精明的电力买家,他们就像电网上的秃鹫,」Bendiksen 形容道,「但现在,AI 公司愿意支付更高的电价,矿企的生存空间正被进一步挤压。」

MARA 的 CEO 蒂尔认为,单靠关税上调并不足以迫使比特币矿工离开美国。与能源成本相比,硬件进口关税对矿企整体运营成本的影响相对较小。

然而,在已经充满挑战的市场环境下,关税政策的叠加效应无疑加剧了行业的困境。

「通常情况下,这种冲击会导致行业开始整合,」华威大学经济学教授 Thiemo Fetzer 分析道,「我们很可能会看到小型矿工被淘汰,因为设备成本上升和供应链不确定性增加使它们的生存更加艰难。」


矿企的全球布局

面对美国市场的挑战,许多矿企开始将业务拓展至海外,以规避关税风险。

「为什么我们要发展国际业务?因为它能降低单一政策风险,」。「作为比特币矿工,你必须保持灵活性。」

与此同时,中国的矿机制造商比特大陆和 MicroBT 也在加速布局美国本土生产,以绕过关税壁垒。

「我们正在积极投资美国市场,包括本地制造,」比特大陆挖矿业务总裁 Irene Gao 表示。

目前,比特币矿企普遍处于观望状态。在特朗普新关税的 90 天暂停期于 7 月结束之前,其最终影响仍不明朗,许多公司因此推迟了硬件采购决策。

「大家都在观望,看看关税政策最终会如何落地,」赫马尼说道。


特朗普政策的矛盾性

从表面上看,特朗普的关税政策与他推动美国比特币挖矿行业发展的雄心背道而驰。

「这些关税显然具有破坏性,」Bendiksen 直言不讳地评价道。

要同时实现两个目标:即扶持美国矿机制造商,又确保矿企在美国的生存能力,特朗普政府可能需要动用其他政策工具,例如推动能源基础设施建设,以降低矿企的电力成本。

白宫声称,近期的一系列行政命令将有助于降低美国能源价格。然而,现实情况是许多矿企仍在缩减本土业务,转向 AI 或其他领域。

「特朗普关于『全美比特币』的承诺,目前看来只是空话,」Bendiksen 总结道,「这更像是在迎合民族主义情绪,而非真正的产业政策。」

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